
Glass _ 
Book_ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



HAIR 

AND ITS PRESERVATION 




* V 



Medullary or Marrow 
Canal 



Papilla 



1 / / 



Cordical 

layer 
V • -i'i— -4 — Fatty layer 

, (Y 

Jd f*?*** Epidermal 

i^^.y\ layer 

>/:'". (™il — External wall 



T^^^^: ; %: ;-"-•( 



vj 



of follicle 



Bloodvessel 



''/•*'. 



%* 



Fig. 1. — Hair, its Bulb and Shaft. 



HAIR 

Its Nature, Growth and Most 
Common Affections, 

WITH 

Hygienic Rules for Its 
Preservation. 



RICHARD W. MULLER, M.D. 




New York 
WILUAM R. JENKINS COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS 

Sixth Avenue and 48TH Street 






Copyright, 1913 
By Richard W. Muller 



All Rights Reserved 



Printed by the 
Press of William R. Jenkins Company 



©CI.A3 5154 7 




/ 



PREFACE 

Observing the almost universal ignorance of the nature of 
the hair, its characteristics, its development and its diseases, and 
the destruction of the hair of the young people of the present 
generation, I have come to the conclusion that some timely in- 
formation and advice with some hygienic rules for the preser- 
ation of the hair might not come amiss. 

It was my privilege to get the permission of the greatest 
specialist in hair diseases, Dr. Sabouraud, of Paris, to employ 
some of the fine plates he had made for his own great but still 
unfinished work on diseases of the hair, and thus to make my 
little contribution to the spread of knowledge in Hair diseases 
more profitable and intelligible to my readers. 

I do not think it would be possible to find an up-to-date 
book suitable to the general public, on the subject which I have 
chosen, i.e., The Nature, Growth, and most common Diseases of 
the Hair, and the proper Care thereof. 

The only work worth mentioning, written upon hair, is out 
of print and none has taken its place. 

After years of study at the clinics, universities and hospi- 
tals of Paris, London, Vienna and Berlin, and gathering all the 
newest scientific facts, I concluded to present them in this form 
to the public. 

Richard W. Muller, M.D. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Chapter I. The Nature and Growth of Hair 1 

Section 1. The Structure of the Scalp 1 

2. The Relation of the Hair to the Scalp 3 

" 3. The Nature and Structure of Hair 4 

4. The Color of Hair 8 

" 5. The Contour of the Hair and other Properties 10 

" 6. The Growth of the Hair 11 

Chapter II. Affections Causing Baldness 15 

Section 1. The Different Forms of Baldness 16 

" 2. Seborrhcea, Dandruff, Alopecia pityroides 17 

" 3. Treatment of Seborrhoea for Ladies and Girls 22 

" 4. Treatment of Seborrhea for Men and Boys 32 

Chapter III. Other Forms of Baldness 35 

Section 1. Alopecia, Pityroides Universalis — Universal Baldness — 35 

" 2. Alopecia Praesenilis, Premature Baldness 40 

" 3. Regeneration 46 

4. Treatment of Premature Baldness 51 

5. Cicatricial Baldness 54 

Chapter IV. Alopecia Areata — Nervous Baldness 57 

Section 1. Nature of the Disease 57 

" 2. Treatment of Nervous Baldness 62 

Chapter V. Superfluous Hair and its Removal — Knotted Hair— Split Hair.. 67 

Section 1. Nature and Location of Superfluous Hair 67 

2. The Removal of Superfluous Hair 70 

3. Electrolysis and Kromayer's Method 73 

4. Trichorrhexis nodosa, Knotted Hair 77 

5. Trichoptilosis or Splitting Hair 79 



CONTENTS. 

Page 

Chapter VI. Parasitical and Fungoid Diseases of the Hair 81 

Section 1. The Origin of the Name 81 

" 2. Trichophyton Tonsurans, Ringworm 81 

" 3. Treatment of Ringworm 86 

4. Favus 92 

" 5. Treatment of Favus 94 

" 6. Pediculosis capitis, Head Lice 98 

7. Treatment of Pediculosis 100 

Chapter VII. Hygiene of the Hair 103 

Section 1. Cleanliness of the Scalp 103 

2. Washing the Hair 105 

" 3. Combs and Brushes 106 

4. Style of Wearing Hair 108 

5. Hats 110 

6. Massage of the Scalp 112 

Chapter VIII. Foreword on this Chapter 117 

On Food in General and Especially for the Growth of 

Hair 119 

Section 1. Food in General 119 

2. Water 121 

" 3. Animal Foods 123 

4. Vegetable Foods 131 

5. Fats and Oils 142 

" 6. Crustaceans 144 

" 7. Amount of Food Required 144 

" 8. Value of Food in Common Use According to Calories 147 

" 9. Special Food for Promoting the Growth of Hair 148 

Literature 149 

Prescriptions 151 

Index 153 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page 

1. Hair, its bulb and shaft Frontispiece 

2. Marrow canal in the hair shaft 5 

3. Hair on papilla 7 

4. Showing change of papilla after hair has dropped off 7 

5. Hair on papilla with muscle and gland 7 

6. Hair pushing out old hair forward 9 

7. Hair with follicle, glands and muscle 19 

8. Hair with gland and invading microbes 21 

9. Division of scalp for proper treatment 23 

10. Hair with seborrhoic plug 25 

11. Hair with follicle plugged up and colonies of microbes 27 

12. Hair follicle with dead hair plugged in 29 

13. Hair follicle in extreme case of seborrhoea 31 

14. Case of seborrhoea, first stage 37 

15. Case of premature baldness 39 

16. Case of premature baldness 41 

17. Case of receding temples 43 

18. Other form of baldness 45 

19. Other form of baldness 45 

20. Extreme case of baldness due to seborrhoea 47 

21. Premature baldness in young woman 49 

22. Alopecia Areata, nervous baldness in man 59 

23. Alopecia Areata, in a boy 61 

24. Alopecia Areata, in a woman 63 

25. Alopecia Areata of a malignant type 65 

26. Young lady with hair on upper lip and chin 69 

27. Young lady with hair on cheeks , 69 

28. Young lady with well developed side whiskers 69 

29. Same lady after treatment 69 

30. A case of excessive hypertrichosis 69 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

31. Prof. Kromayer's needles for epilation 76 

32. Knotty hair 77 

33. Split hair 79 

34. Hair of child with ringworm 82 

35. Hair infested with ringworm 83 

36. Ringworm on boy's scalp 85 

37. Ringworm on scalp and face 87 

38. French poodle with ringworm 89 

39. Typical appearance of hair attacked 91 

40. Sections of hair with Favus 93 

41. Favus spreading from scalp down over shoulder 95 

42. Boy's body covered with Favus 97 



INTRODUCTION 

Why is it that the hair, one of the most important assets 
of beauty, is so neglected by both men and women? We go to 
the manicure to improve our finger nails, and if our feet hurt 
us, we find our way to the chiropodist. But if our hair falls out, 
or is too dry or too oily, what do we do? Why, simply let it 
alone, or ask a friend's advice and follow or neglect it without 
a thought as to whether the advice is good, bad or indifferent. 
W T e see an advertisement of a hair tonic, with a picture of a 
woman with hair down to her feet, and without hesitation or 
doubt, we buy a bottle of it and apply it, often in a spasmodic 
manner, and find, if no visible bad results from its use, certainly 
no good ones ; and our hair does not grow down to the ankles 
after a few weeks' use of this infallible remedy. Is it any 
wonder then, that in the theatre, in church, or in any place of 
public meeting where men remove their hats, we see so many 
bald heads? And among women, do we not sometimes wonder 
how they carry all the false hair and rats which they find it 
necessary to use now-a-days to eke out their own scant supply. 
But the hair in childhood, to begin with, is neglected. Mothers 
who rush to the doctor for every little childish ailment, never 
give much thought to the care of the child's hair. They cut it 
short or let it grow, as suits their own views and theories, but 



INTRODUCTION 

without any real knowledge of the subject. Women wash their 
hair when convenient without any particular reason for so doing 
other than that they think it must need it; but they do it without 
knowing rightly how and when or what soap to use or whether 
any soap should be used. What would become of our teeth if 
they were treated as the hair is. A woman's hair is her crown- 
ing glory; therefore she should care for it as she does for her 
teeth and hands. And has not a bald head been a term of re- 
proach ever since the small boys made fun of Elijah's? Do we 
not daily hear remarks referring to the resemblance of some 
young man's cranium to a shining billiard ball? Oh, he has 
amused his hair away! or, he has lived too fast! or, less re- 
proachfully, his father or grandfather were bald, too, it must 
be hereditary! All of which conclusions are most often 
erroneous. The real reason generally is that no one took suffi- 
cient interest in the young man's scalp when he was a boy, until 
the stage of the disease which made him bald was too far 
advanced to save his hirsute adornment. Such being the case, 
I intend in the following chapters to explain in simple language 
what the nature of the hair is, how it develops, grows, becomes 
diseased and finally falls out, also how it may be preserved for 
its allotted time. 



CHAPTER I 



THE NATURE AND GROWTH OF THE HAIR 

As I firmly believe, that advice is more readily accepted and 
followed the better the subject is understood, I shall begin this 
article by explaining the manner in which the human hair de- 
velops and grows, also the anatomical relation between hair and 
scalp, and later show the difference between a healthy and un- 
healthy state of the scalp. 



Section 1 
The Structure of the Scalp 

To understand correctly the nature and growth of hair we 
must know something of the condition of the skin in which it is 
imbedded. 

The skin is divided into three layers, the external or epider- 
mis, the middle or horny, and the lower or granular layer. The 
external and uppermost layer, called epidermis, consists of cells, 
which are packed closely together like the cells of a honeycomb. 



2 THE HAIR 

To make them still firmer and more compact, there are spikes 
or thorns there, shooting forth from the walls of the cells into 
the neighboring cells, making a pretty solid web, holding as 
firmly together as possible. This is best illustrated by inserting 
the fingers of one hand between the fingers of the other hand 
and letting another person try to pull them asunder. 

Thus the epidermis is well able to withstand the injuries, 
to which it might be exposed. 

The middle or horny layer consists of connective tissue, 
long spindle-shaped cells, which run in all directions, their fibres 
binding together all parts above and below, side by side, like 
the steel trusses of a bridge. 

The third and lowest layer consists of numerous fat cells 
forming a soft bolster or cushion for the two upper layers, 
enabling the skin to stretch, yield to and follow all the different 
movements of the body and its organs without opening or ex- 
posing the unprotected parts underneath. 

By its formation the fatty layer is enabled, like a sponge, 
to take up, hold and release, as the case may be, large amounts 
of fluids, as happens in heart and kidney affections, which are so 
often followed by dropsical conditions. 

The fat, which is deposited there in large quantities, also 
serves to give the body the roundness and fulness so necessary 
to make the "human form divine." 

Such is the skin in which the hair is imbedded. 



NATURE AND GROWTH OF HAIR 3 

Section 2 
The Relation of the Hair to the Scalp 

Before describing the anatomical structure of the scalp let 
us see how the hair is imbedded in the scalp. If you keep in 
mind the structure of the skin, you will readily grasp the rela- 
tion of the hair to the skin. 

Imagine for a moment, that the scalp is a pillow and if you 
will thrust the point of your index finger deeply into the same, 
you will find that it is surrounded by the different covers of the 
pillow, viz : the outer washable cover, the inner one containing 
the feathers, and as a third envelope, the feathers themselves, 
which are contained in the pillow. 

Your finger represents the hair, the washable cover of the 
pillow is the upper layer of the skin, the cover holding the 
feathers will be the middle or horny layer of the skin and the 
feathers themselves represent the third or fatty layer. 

Imagine further, deep down in the depression your finger 
has made, a button fastened on the pillow, and you have a rep- 
resentation of the papilla or matrix of the hair from which it 
takes its origin, its nutriment and everything needed to fulfil 
its purpose in the life it is to live. The picture should now be 
clear to you. A depression lined by the three layers of the skin; 
at the deepest part of this depression a protuberance, called 
a papilla, out of which the hair develops; finally, the long hair 
shaft completely filling the depression, called the hair follicle. 



4 THE HAIR 

The little swelling you have undoubtedly noticed at the 
lower end of your hair is commonly, but mistakenly, called the 
root; for it is not a root in the ordinary sense. It is simply an 
expansion, an attachment, which forms a comfortable connecting 
link between the hair and the papilla from which it grows and is 
called the hair bulb. 

Section 3 
The Nature and Structure of Hair 

When we examine a hair by means of a microscope, we 
see that it consists of concentrically arranged layers of which, 
as in describing the anatomy of the skin, we will only mention 
the three most important ones, conforming to those of the skin, 
which surrounds the hair in the follicle. 

The upper or horny layer has smooth, firmly packed, flat- 
tened cells, placed like the tiles on a roof upon each other to 
protect the hair from outside injuries. The protection is all the 
more sure z& five cells overlap one another in the space of their 
own individual length, making a quintuple shield for every part 
of the hair shaft surface. 

The free ends of these overlapping tile-like cells are turned 
upwards toward the upper end of the hair. 

This arrangement facilitates the task of finding the point 
of the hair; when you hold it loosely between thumb and index 
finger, moving them ever so little up and down, the point soon 
appears between the fingers, as the projecting ends of the tiles 
help the movement. 



NATURE AND GROWTH OF HAIR 



fn&rrtnixc&ruit 







Fig. 2. — The Marrow Canal in the Hairshaft. 



6 THE HAIR 

The middle layer of the hair, called the cortical portion 
(from cortex, i.e., rind) corresponds to the connective tissue 
layer of the skin, consisting as it does of long spindle-shaped 
cells drawn out and bound together lengthwise. 

If it were not for these cells binding the hair particles 
closely together, the hair would soon break and be ruined by 
being subjected to the exigencies of the fashions of hairdressing. 

When we use a lense magnifying 300 times or more, it is 
possible to discover that the cells of this layer do not bind them- 
selves absolutely everywhere, but in certain locations leave open- 
ings, which are filled with an oily secretion from the glands 
found within the hair for this purpose, thus giving it its lustre 
and beauty. 

It is well to explain right here in this connection the fact, 
that in case of serious illness and in some particular diseases of 
the scalp, this secretion dries up entirely, and soon after the lustre 
of the hair diminishes or disappears altogether, rendering it dry 
and lifeless and causing abundant scales to appear. 

The innermost layer of the hair consists of two rows of 
large, firm cells lying side by side along the hair shaft, forming 
what is called the medullary or marrow canal. 

Not every hair is thus provided, however; many have but 
two layers mentioned above, but a normal, healthy hair is by 
experienced observers found to have this marrow canal. 

The very finest hair may be deprived of it, hair growing 
late in life also may be without it, but the strongest and health- 
iest hair is regularly thus provided. 



NATURE AND GROWTH OF HAIR 







Fig. 3. 

Showing change of Papilla after Hair dropped off. 








Fig. 5. — Showing Hair ingrown on Papilla. 



Fig. 4. — Showing Hair on Papilla. 



8 THE HAIR 

When severe illness occurs, we can find an intimate relation 
between it and the marrow canal. On looking at it under the 
microscope, we see the canal shrink to a diameter 1 / 4 — 1 / 10 the 
size it was before. It will continue in this attenuated form as 
long as the illness lasts, and gradually, slowly, reassume its former 
dimensions when the body has regained its pristine vigor. 

The knowledge of the measure of the hair growth and 
experience with the manner of estimating dimensions under 
the microscope, enable us to calculate with certainty the time 
which has elapsed since the patient suffered a severe illness, by 
examining one of the hair's medullary canal. 

Section 4 

The Color of the Hair 

The color of the hair, blond, brown, red, etc., depends en- 
tirely upon that of the coloring matter or pigment deposited 
or dissolved in minute particles or corpuscles in the middle layer 
of the hair. 

The intensity of the color, however, is regulated by the 
lesser or greater quantity of this coloring matter present. 

Gray hair, so long regarded purely as a sign of approach- 
ing or premature age, is simply due to the absence or loss of 
pigment, or the presence of more or less air within the hair, 
caused either by sickness, worry, shock, severe mental strain 
long continued, or accidents to be mentioned later on. 



NATURE AND GROWTH OF HAIR 







papilla 
Fig. 6. — Showing young Hair pushing old Hair forward. 



10 THE HAIR 

The change takes place at the growing end first and the 
natural color mixed with the colorless or white portion of the 
hair, caused by the presence of air in the marrow canal, ac- 
counts for the gray appearance. 

Section 5 

The Contour of the Hair and Other Properties 

As the color, so the contour of the hair differs much, de- 
pending upon the degree of fineness. 

Flaxen hair is the finest of all varieties, being only 1/1500 
— 1/500 inch in diameter, while black hair on the contrary with 
diameters of 1/450 — 1/140 is the coarsest. 

The contour may be round, oval or flattened. 

This regulates the curling quality of the hair; the more 
oval and flattened the hair may be, the prettier the curl; the 
rounder and the more circular, the less this quality. 

As hair absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, the curl 
will be better, the moister it gets ; the drier the straighter. Arti- 
ficially curled hair, however, will not stand moisture at all, but 
loses its curl in moist weather. 

I add here a few words about another peculiarity of the 
hair of which little is known. 

The hair is very elastic, and can be stretched to y$ its own 
length. It also is possessed of sufficient strength to sustain the 
weight of two to four ounces without breaking. 



NATURE AND GROWTH OF HAIR 11 

Another interesting feature of the hair is its electric 
property. 

Passing a rubber comb through the long hair of a woman 
causes a crackling sound produced by electricity. 

In peculiarly susceptible people it will stand out straight 
from the scalp under the stimulus of electricity. 

Section 6 
The Growth of the Hair 

The little swelling you may have frequently noticed at the 
lower end of your hair covered by some whitish, scaly matter, 
has been universally named the hair root. 

The hair practically has no root. It merely has an ex- 
panding part at the lower end of the shaft called the bulb, which 
fits closely over the rounded surface of the papilla or matrix, 
from which all nutriment needed for its growth comes. There 
all the cells, every part of the hair structure is developed unceas- 
ingly, to replace old, worn-out cells and eventually the hair which 
has been pushed aside or has fallen out. There, nerves, blood- 
vessels, lymph, and everything else needed for its development, 
is provided. 

The larger and better developed the papilla, the stronger 
and longer will be the hair growing from it. The bigger the 
expanded end of the fallen hair appears, the better is the chance 
of a strong hair following it; for in order to push and grow out 
of its follicle, the young hair has to move the old hair aside to 



12 THE HAIR 

the wall of the follicle, or to push it forward in order to reach the 
daylight; a hair, loosened from its papilla, may still be lingering 
within the follicle and escape the fate of falling out for a long 
time, if it be not disturbed. The new hair may push it aside and 
keep on growing without removing the old hair from the follicle, 
both sharing it for some time till some rough agency, be it comb 
or brush or shampooing, massage or other strenuous work on 
the scalp, loosens the dead hair, which falls out in quantities, 
much to the surprise of their owner. Hundreds and hundreds 
of hairs thus fall out together. Every hair, however, must fall 
out some time to be replaced by a new one and to allow room 
for the following hair to grow. 

The growth of the hair depends too much upon general 
conditions to give any exact account of it, but it is safe to say 
that a normal hair will take 14 days to grow 3^ lines or ]/z inch. 

On different parts of the scalp, and in different individuals, 
the growth varies considerably, while on the crown and the back 
of the head, hair may grow 45-50 inches in length; at the side 
of the head, 18 inches is generally the limit. The longer the 
hair the quicker it grows. Therefore, the quickest growing hair 
is on the crown and back of the head. 

Of course, a man's hair does not grow as long as a woman's, 
it being rarely longer than eight inches. 

The custom of cutting does not improve hair, on the con- 
trary, latest observation proves that it retards the growth and 
makes it coarse. Nor does the hair always grow at the same 
rate, for after it has grown a certain length, say 12 inches, the 



NATURE AND GROWTH OF HAIR 13 

rate decreases by one half, and later towards the end of its life, 
one can scarcely observe any change whatever. 

The finer the hairs the closer they will be on the scalp; the 
average, however, is 1,000 to the square inch and 120,000 on a 
normal scalp. 

In middle life the hair grows fastest and most vigorously, 
while after 35 it does not grow to its full length any more, 
except in rare cases; after 60 years only short hair will grow. 

These conditions obtain in healthy and normal persons. Ill 
health and abnormal conditions change matters considerably, as 
I shall demonstrate in later chapters. 



CHAPTER II 

* Affections Causing Alopecia (Baldness) 

Seborrhoea 
Anatomical Demonstrations of Seborrhoea 

In order to make my readers fully understand the meaning 
of seborrhoea (dandruff) and to show how this disease invades 
the human scalp and insidiously destroys hair, hair follicle and 
hair bulb, I have drawn a few pictures (after Sabouraud) and 
accompany the same with suitable explanations. 

Like all other diseases of the skin, seborrhoea is due at first 
to some minute lesion of the skin, which is called "primary 
lesion." 

In seborrhoea this lesion is the little thread, or, as Sabouraud 
calls it, filament, which can be squeezed out of the hair follicle 
by the pressure of the thumbnails or some suitable instruments 
the physician uses. 

This secretion of the glands within the hair follicle is con- 
stantly discharged in increased quantities, gradually covering the 
area surrounding this hair follicle and spreading beyond until 
ultimately, when no curative remedies are employed, the crown 
of the head, the temples and back are covered with a greasy 
mass, disgusting to see, hard to get rid of, and destructive to 
the hair. 

15 



16 THE HAIR 

Section 1 
The Different Forms of Baldness 

Alopecia is 'from the Greek word Alopex (fox). The 
name is given to this affection from the resemblance of a bald 
head to that of a fox suffering from a disease, called mange. 

I shall mention but three varieties of baldness in this chap- 
ter. Other forms will be mentioned in later chapters. 

The first variety, Alopecia adnata (or congenital baldness), 
explains itself in the name. It may be total or partial. It is 
often hereditary, and is caused by arrested development of the 
hair-growing apparatus. 

The second form, Alopecia senilis (or senile baldness), 
comes with old age after 45 years and is due to diminished 
nutrition and lowering of the vitality. When recognized betimes 
much may be done to ward off the evil day of complete baldness 
by preventative and invigorating treatment. If once established, 
senile baldness is incurable. 

The third variety, Alopecia praesenilis (premature bald- 
ness), is of greater interest to us than all others, as we can hold 
out hopes of help and improvement, and even absolute cure, if 
called upon at an early stage of this disease. 

This premature baldness may be either idiopathic, that is, 
self-originating, or symptomatic, that is, caused by some local 
or general disease. 

When it is self-originating, appearing without cause, it does 



SEBORRHCEA 17 

so before the 45th year, the hair gradually, almost imperceptibly, 
diminishing at both temples, at the top of the head, and thinning 
all over the scalp. 

Symmetrically on both sides and on the vertex towards 
front and rear, baldness spreads until the disease has reached its 
climax, when no further hair loss is noticed, a fringe of hair 
being left reaching from front to rear. 

Should any new hair appear, we find it thin and colorless, 
not much better than down found on other parts of the body. 

The other form of premature baldness which we have 
named the symptomatic, because due to general or local disease, 
requires a more lengthy discussion, as it is the form which most 
frequently comes under observation and destroys more hair than 
any other disease known to us. 

The diseases which most often cause this variety of bald- 
ness are Seborrhoea (dandruff), pityriasis and syphilis. 

All these are of the nature of scaly diseases and much con- 
fusion as to their names and origin exists in the text-books even 
to this day. For this reason I confine myself to the description 
of the most common of these diseases, Seborrhoea, or, as it is 
often called, dandruff. 

Section 2 

Seborrhoea (Dandruff) 

Seborrhoea, of which two forms are known, the oily 
(oleosa) and the dry (sicca), comes on insidiously at the age of 
puberty. 



18 THE HAIR 

Silvery scales are seen on the collar and coat of young 
people of both sexes, occasionally the scalp itches — and has to 
be scratched, bringing down more scales. 

On observing these young people closely, their faces seem 
oily, particularly the forehead, nasal fold and chin. An abnor- 
mal amount of secretion oozes out from the glands. 

On examination, the scalp is found to be covered with 
greasy, dirty scales, which being removed uncover a slightly 
reddened skin. 

If we press tissue paper firmly upon the scalp, a greasy 
stain appears. On pressing with thumb nails upon the surface, 
first a drop of oil is squeezed out and this is followed by a 
worm-like filament with a yellow head. This condition proves 
that the patient suffers from oily Seborrhoea. 

Should the patient in this condition go on for 4-6 years or 
more without the proper treatment, trusting himself to the 
prodigal use of hair tonics, hair washes, shampoos, bay rum and 
other alcoholic mixtures, a stage will be reached which admirably 
pictures the condition we find in dry Seborrhoea. 

The scalp instead of being oily, is now dried up, the hair 
has lost its lustre and gloss, scales, though not so many as in the 
former condition, cover the scalp and are found scattered 
through the hair. 

The hair has grown thinner and continues to diminish. 

The temples become more and more uncovered, the fore- 
head higher, a thinker's forehead develops, giving the sufferer 
the appearance of a wise and studious man. Finally the bald- 



SEBORRHCEA 



19 







Fig. 7. 
Showing Hair in Follicle with Glands and Muscle. 



20 THE HAIR 

ness invades the top of the head and symmetrically spreads 
to front and rear, leaving an island, a tuft of hair over the 
forehead as a memento of pristine glory. \ 

Before proceeding to the discussion of the treatment of this 
disease, I wish to state the fact that the origin of Seborrhoea 
has been the object of the most diligent research for the last 
ten years by Dr. Sabouraud of the St. Louis Hospital of Paris 
as well as by the famous dermatologist, Dr. Unna of Hamburg. 

Both agree that a microbe, which Dr. S. calls "microbe a 
bouteille," and Dr. U. "flaschen bacillus," on account of its re- 
semblance to a bottle, is the cause of the condition called 
Seborrhoea. 

This microbe is believed to invade the follicles from which 
the hair issues forth. There it multiplies enormously and by its 
presence in large numbers obstructs the mouth of the glandular 
ducts, fills up the follicle, presses upon the tender new hair and 
its bulb, and finally destroys the follicle utterly. 

It was through the kindness of Dr. Sabouraud, whose clinic 
I visit annually for some weeks, that I was enabled to explain 
his theory of the origin of Seborrhoea by some sketches I made 
for this little book, which are found with elucidating descrip- 
tions on the first four pages of the chapter. 



SEBORRHOEA 



21 







ft*** 



/LcOAf 



Fig. 8. 

In Fig. 8 I have tried to demonstrate at a the in- 
vasion of the microbe, which is supposed to be the cause 
of the gland secreting abnormal amounts, irritated by 
its presence; b, b, b shows the sebaceous gland many 
times enlarged. 

At a, a are the microbes ; c is the exit of the duct of 
the gland, through which the Secretion is poured into 
the hair follicle ; d, d is the hair in unchanged form, as 
disease has not progressed far enough to injure the 
growth of the hair. 



22 THE HAIR 



Section 3 



Treatment of Seborrhoea for Ladies and Girls 

It is a great pity that this disease is so often discovered too 
late to be benefited by treatment. 

More often, through wr6ng and injurious treatment, valuable 
time is lost and great harm done to the scalp. 

In the case of ladies, greasy pomades and ointments must 
be avoided if possible, although some cases cannot be treated 
effectually without their use. 

Alcoholic solutions recommend themselves as the best 
remedies in oversecretions of the perspiratory glands of hands 
and feet; therefore we employ them and successfully in the over- 
secretion of the glands in the hair follicles, which is exactly the 
condition of affairs in Seborrhoea. 

The Alcoholic Solution of Salicylic Acid applied in the 
manner to be described, at the right time, and according to the 
severity of the disease, will do a great deal to improve the con- 
dition of the scalp and the hair. 

To apply this remedy correctly, a wad of absorbent cotton 
or a soft toothbrush must be used; a painter's brush or a child's 
hairbrush will also answer the purpose. 

To proceed methodically, part the hair once through the 
middle and then again twice at equal distances from side to 
side as shown in following sketch. 



SEBORRHCEA 



23 




Fig. 9. — Division of Scalp for proper Treatment. 



Now use the solution in this manner: Pour a sufficient 
quantity in a saucer after the hair of the patient has been parted 
in the middle and commence, say, for the sake of example, to 
treat the front section of the right side for the first day. 

Dip the cotton wad or brush into the fluid, raise a strand 
of hair and rub the fluid thoroughly into the exposed surface 
of the scalp for two or three minutes, then proceed to the next 
layer of hair, maybe ^2 inch further to the right, and do the 
same, layer by layer, down past the ear and as far as the scalp 
extends. 

If you have taken the forward row of hair, follow in the 
same manner on the second and third row until you reach the 
imaginary border line of the first section. 

It should take at least thirty to forty minutes to do this 
work with any degree of thoroughness and to expect good results. 



I 



24 THE HAIR 

After thoroughly cleansing the scalp of the scales with 
which it is covered, we can test the work done by using a bit of 
cotton on a comb and going slowly through every part of the 
scalp, using a fresh piece of cotton each time. 

The cotton will show clearly whether the ridding the scalp 
of all the scales has been accomplished. For, should the cotton 
on the comb show greasy marks caused by the scales still left 
behind, the parts neglected must be done over again until every 
portion of the scalp has been freed from them. 

However, all efforts to do this unfortunately prove futile in 
some cases, and more severe measures are necessary and one 
must resort to the specialist. 

To free the head absolutely of its thickened layer of scales 
(dandruff), sulphur must sometimes be employed. 

The thick layers of scales consist, as I have explained be- 
fore, of decayed horn cells of the upper layer of the skin (and 
scalp). 

Sulphur attacks this mass energetically, and soon dries it 
up, and peeling off, leaves a new, regenerated, normal field for 
hair to grow and develop on. 

This sulphur lotion must be used with great caution, as 
must indeed every other remedy, since the scalp is in an abnormal 
condition and is easily inflamed by irritating applications. 

I can therefore only caution those who suffer from sebor- 
rhoea not to do anything without using great discrimination and 
care, and whenever in doubt to ask the specialist, in order to ac- 
complish their object without injury to their hair. 



SEBORRHCEA 



25 



fete tit *trf 




lands 



Fig. 10. 

Fig. 10 represents the seborrhoic plug b, nearly filling 
up the mouth of the hair follicles; at a can be seen the 
colonies of microbes incased in the plug; at / the epi- 
dermal or upper layer of the scalp is visible ; at e the 
sebaceous gland is seen. 



26 THE HAIR 

Here follows a prescription for a sulphur lotion to be em- 
ployed in case other remedies used have not effected a cure. 

If. Florum sulfuris 10.0 

Spiritus vini 100.0 

Glycerinae gtt 10.0 

Spir. Colon 10.0 

(This mixture, containing alcohol, must not be 
used near flame.) 

This lotion is used in the following manner: 

The solution having been put into a deep dish or saucer the 
hair is again separated into six parts in the way previously de- 
scribed. 

In a few minutes the sulphur will have settled at the bottom 
of the dish and the yellow sediment may now be transferred by 
means of a brush over the affected portion of the scalp. 

To do this thoroughly should take two to three hours, and 
it is much better to take several days to do it properly. 

The physician is the proper person to apply this lotion, as 
he alone is able to judge what amount and what strength of the 
remedy it is proper to use in each individual case. 

Also the location to which it is to be applied can only be 
recognized by the experienced eye of the physician, while the in- 
experienced frequently overlook diseased patches of the scalp and 
thus the disease is perpetuated, reinfecting other and healthy parts 
of the scalp ad infinitum. 

After five to eight days the scalp must be reinspected, and 
more lotion applied, if the sulphur has disappeared. 



SEBORRHCEA 



27 




6eccUu 



Stlrrr&oUt. 



Sftactew 



AcUA, 



Fig. 11. 

Fig. 11 shows the entire plugging up of the hair fol- 
licle, making a complete stop-gap of the filament b, b, b. 

At a colonies of microbes are represented; enlarged 
sebaceous glands are seen at c, c, c, and d finally shows 
what is left of the hair itself. 



28 THE HAIR 

Traces of sulphur will still be seen eight and ten days after 
the first application, but nevertheless fresh sulphur should be 
applied whenever needed or wherever it has disappeared. 

Another week may then be permitted to go by, when a 
further close scrutiny is necessary and so on until the skin peels 
off in flakes, and a new one begins to show. 

It takes three to four weeks before any improvement shows. 

Where the itching has been annoying, it will be found to 
have disappeared a few days after the commencement of this 
treatment. 

Hair will, however, continue to fall out for weeks before 
improvement will definitely set in. 

Sulphur being an irritant and not well borne by every one, 
other treatment has often to be employed. 

In such cases we prescribe as follows: 

1, If. Acidi Salicylici 1.0 

Spiritus vini 200.0 

(Not to be used near open flame.) 

Fiat solutio. 

2, I£ . Florum sulphuris 1.5 

Vasilini flavi 30.0 

M. fiat unguentum. 

These two remedies are to be used alternately, or, better yet, 
the salve should be rubbed in two days in succession, and the third 



SEBORRHCEA 



29 




tCoTTAorc'/tYa- 

sr*tt<tiT ' 









=. dead tutor 



Fig. 12. 

Fig. 12 demonstrates in a comprehensive form the 
state of affairs in a typical case of Seborrhoea of long 
standing. At a a spigot of sebaceous matter occludes 
the hair follicle and microbes en masse are contained 
within at b, b. 

Sebacious glands, considerably enlarged, surround the 
shaft of the hair, which lies loosely, dead, forlorn and 
useless in the deeper portion of the follicle, waiting to 
be shoved up to daylight and out of the follicle by the 
new hair, which may grow up as far as the resting point 
of its predecessor, soon to die like it from want of 
nourishment. 



30 THE HAIR 

day the solution. This must be kept up for six weeks, when im- 
provement is sure to follow. 

We then prescribe some such hair tonic as the following: 

5. Acidi Salicylici 1.0 

Resorcini 1.5 

Spiritus vini 100.0 

(Not to be used near open flame.) 

or, 

IJ. Acidi Salicylici • 1.5 

Resorcini 1.0 

Spir. Frumenti 100.0 

Spir. Colon 100.0 

(Not to be used near open flame.) 

Also the newer but somewhat irritating remedy, Formalin, is 
worthy of trial in such cases. As : 

If. Formalini .2.5 

Spir. vini 100.0 

(Not to be used near flame.) 

or, 

IJ. Formalini 5.0 

Vasenoli 100.0 

M. S. — Use only twice a week. This will end the treatment 
of seborrhoea when ladies are affected bv it. 



SEBORRHCEA 



51 




mjtwi^ f lwm *» 



Fig. 13. 



Fig. 13 is the picture of an extreme case. Here we 
see proportions the sebaceous glands may assume when 
the disease makes rapid strides in destruction of hair, 
hair follicle and hair bulb, leaving no ground for any 
further development of the hair whatsoever. 



32 THE HAIR 

Section 4 

Treatment for Seborrhoea (Dandruff) 
Men and Boys 

Altogether different is the case when dandruff is found on 
the scalp of boys or men. 

Their hair being kept short is easily cleaned, and heroic 
measures enable us to shorten the process of treatment consid- 
erably. 

The most effective and drastic treatment is that with 
"Hebras Spiritus Saponato Calinus" as the drug stores keep it 
for sale. 

A tablespoonful of this pleasant mixture is poured upon 
the head, followed by a tablespoonful of hot water. Rub both 
with gentle motion into the scalp, follow it up with one more 
tablespoonful of the soap and water, and keep up the rubbing 
until an abundant thick lather and foam appear, covering the 
entire head which is then left for ten minutes undisturbed, to 
soften and mix with the decayed scales of the epidermis of the 
scalp in prder to macerate them. 

After this interval the entire mess, scales, soap, grease and 
impurities are all united and washed off the scalp by an abundant 
supply of hot water. The more water is used the better the 
result will be. It is best to follow this up with gradually cooler 
water. 

Another convenience in the treatment of male patients is the 
possibility of applying the sulphur lotion immediately after the 



SEBORRHCEA 33 

washing off of the scales has been effected. But at the same time 
I prefer in my practice not to follow the washing of the scalp 
immediately with the sulphur treatment. 

It is much better in these cases also to divide the hair in 
four parts at least, and let the patients be content to have a fourth 
part of the scalp treated at a time for four consecutive days, and 
on the fifth day use Hebras Tincture of Green Soap again and 
so on, until every suspicion of scaling has disappeared for good 
and all. 

Male patients will be aware of the improvement going on 
by observing a diminution at first, and later a cessation of all 
scale formation. 

While some hair still falls out beyond the normal amount, 
it must be remembered that the rubbing of the scalp necessary 
for cleansing and drying is largely responsible for loosening it. 

In four to six weeks the treatment of such cases is generally 
concluded, unless complications have arisen, or the rules have not 
been followed closely, or, as Sabouraud says, the hair follicles 
having been invaded by the microbes, these are, in this secure 
hiding place, inaccessible to any remedy available for their de- 
struction. 

In concluding this chapter I repeat that numerous hairs will 
be removed at the beginning of this treatment of Seborrhoea 
through shampooing and the mechanical friction of the scalp in 
applying remedies. However, as it is only the diseased hair that 
is falling out and which would soon come away of its own accord, 
the patient need not be alarmed by it. 



34 THE HAIR 

After the treatment the hair may become dry and brittle, 
and should have a very little pure olive oil applied, which will 
lubricate it. 

This treatment carried out faithfully, patiently and intelli- 
gently will stop the loss, and in many cases will bring about a 
new growth of hair. 

Where this is not achieved further treatment will be neces- 
sary by advice of the physician, who alone can decide what may 
be of further benefit. 

Other forms of baldness caused by different diseases will 
be described in Chapter III. 



CHAPTER III 

other forms of baldness 

Section 1 
Alopecia Pityrodes Universalis, or Universal Baldness 

This is a rare disease, closely related to the Seborrhoic bald- 
ness described in Chapter II, only more severe, and, as its name 
says, a form of total baldness. 

It is characterized by the formation of abundant fatty scales 
upon the scalp similar to those we have seen in seborrhoea, which 
condition is followed in a short time by a perceptible thinning 
of the previously thick and abundant hair covering the scalp. 

Other hairy parts of the body are similarly affected very 
soon after in the same manner, and, when the disease reaches its 
climax, the whole body is practically denuded of hair. 

Some parts of the body seem more prone to this disease than 
others, and only by close examination do we discover that the 
skin is not entirely deprived of its hairy covering, but has retained 
those minute, colorless lanugo hairs which cover the entire human 
body, excepting the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. 

We find also that the hairy scalp is not less movable than 
before, and shows no signs of irritation, redness or other symp- 
toms, except the enormous mass of scales mentioned. 



36 THE HAIR 

When we ask ourselves what might cause such tremendous 
hair loss as to frighten the patient, his family and friends, and 
even the family physician, unfamiliar with such a state of things, 
we have to look for general conditions altogether, as no local 
agent whatever, microbic or parasitic, has ever been known to 
do such extensive damage in an equally brief period of time. 

However , there are conditions known to medical men, 
which will explain such results. 

Take for instance the deep and long exhaustion, following a 
/ severe type of typhoid fever, where the pulse is unusually fast 
and weak, the temperature higher than is seen in ordinary cases 
and the loss of blood from the infected ulcerated bowels alarm- 
ingly large ; consider the low ebb of the circulation caused thereby, 
the withdrawal of the normal blood supply from all regions of 
the body far distant from the heart, the vicious condition of this 
diminished blood supply and the consequent starvation for want 
of the nutriment needed for the repair and regeneration of tissues 
in our body; when all these facts are considered it will not be 
strange if the hair comes out in "handfuls," now that the bulb 
and follicle within which the hair develops shrink and lose their 
hold upon the hair which is thus removed by the slightest 
mechanical force such as a brush or a comb will exert. 

Other diseases, such as cerebro-spinal meningitis, tubercu- 
losis, syphilis, diabetes and severe operations, particularly such as 
are performed upon the bowels and other abdominal organs, 
might be mentioned as of the kind which may be followed by this 
alopecia pityrodes universalis, or universal baldness. 



UNIVERSAL BALDNESS 



37 




Fig. 14. 



This plate and, to a great extent, Plate 15 also, repre- 
sent the first suspicion of coming baldness. 

From a little bare center an inch or less in diameter 
radiate lines to all directions, which show a diminution 
of the growth. Hairs, whose follicles were invaded and 
attacked by the microbacillus of Seborrhoea, have fallen 
out without being followed as yet by new ones. 

A great deal can be done at this stage to stop the 
progress of the disease. The hair may be saved as long 
as the follicle in which it grew has not been entirely 
taken possession of by the filament of Seborrhoea and 
the invading army of microbes nesting within. Further 
progress into wider areas can be averted and the enemy 
driven from the field. 



38 THE HAIR 

In regard to treatment for this great hair loss, I am happy 
to state that the result is much better than might be expected, as 
the hair will grow again. 

The physician will prescribe a plain nourishing diet adapted 
to the case, giving attention to such articles of food as are known 
to accelerate the growth of hair; medicinally, iron is the most 
useful; and for local treatment, a hair tonic like the following 
might be used with advantage. 

5- Resorcini 5.0 

01. Macidis 1.0 

01. Ricini 2.0 

Spir 200.0 

Aq. Col 20.0 

D.S. — Rub in scalp every morning with a small sponge. 

Having finished the first section of this chapter, I shall now, 
in the second section, describe a very common form of baldness, 
which we see everywhere in families, assemblies and in public 
places generally, which has caused distress and despair in many 
a young man's heart, has driven thousands into the open arms 
of hairquacks since time unknown, and has been a prolific source 
of income to every designing druggist, anxious to empty his 
shelves of superannuated compounds, elixirs, tonics, hairwashes, 
scalp invigorators and the like, which has enriched and made to 
wax fat the masseurs and masseuses of the human scalp, the 
proprietors of vibrating machines, electric or otherwise, with 
which the long-suffering scalp has been maltreated, certainly not 
to the profit of the anxious victim. 



UNIVERSAL BALDNESS 



39 




Fig. 15. 

This plate shows plainly that the patient has had no 
warning, or has not taken any warning from what was 
going on and allowed the disease to run its course. Or 
he was wrongly advised, and instead of improving, his 
condition is getting worse. 

He can only be prevented from becoming bald by 
active measures and by following strictly the rules laid 
down by experienced advisers. 



40 THE HAIR 

Section 2 

Alopecia Praesenilis — Premature Baldness 

Exactly as in the case of hair growing prematurely gray, 
where the specialist by means of the microscope discovers signs 
of degeneration, so in premature baldness do we see this con- 
dition gradually supplementing the healthy normal state of the 
scalp and hair. 

Unfortunately for the persons affected, there is no premoni- 
tory scaling indicating the earliest stage of the disease, nor does 
an excessive greasiness of the scalp warn the patient of the 
threatening disaster. 

Nay, quite the contrary prevails; the scalp is very often 
clean and healthy in appearance, and such scales as do form are 
only the normal number which any healthy scalp may show. 

In this disease gradually, surreptitiously the hair becomes 
thinner until some day a bald spot appears on the vertex; but 
the spreading of the bald area continues until the entire central 
portion of the cranium becomes denuded, leaving merely a fringe 
of healthy hair over both ears and at the occipital (back) region, 
as a memory of bygone days. 

Of course, I describe here an extreme case, one in which 
heredity, combined with habits injurious to the growth of hair 
or a debilitated system, plays an important part. 

Generation after generation, on the male as well as on the 
female side of the family, there may have been members who 



PREMATURE BALDNESS 



41 




Fig. 16. 



Here we see Seborrhoea going on "right merrily" and 
gradually accomplishing what it set out to do. At this 
stage no tinctures or lotions or salves will avail any- 
thing. The time for remedial treatment went by long 
ago. Just as well you might try to raise hair upon the 
polished surface of a billiard ball. 

My advise to those who ask me for it at that stage of 
the disease, is to buy their hair ready made — a wig. 



42 THE HAIR 

were bald, and the disposition to grow bald may have been in- 
herited by more than one member of a family, never quite de- 
nuding the female scalp to such a degree as the males, but still 
weakening its growth, shortening the hair, thinning it, and caus- 
ing it to turn gray earlier or fall out freely, beyond the normal 
limit, and finally also causing mere lanugo (wool) hair to grow 
on top of the skull in place of the long hair at the back and side 
of it. 

What Predisposes to this Disease 

Much depends upon the condition of the individual health, 
when the question of preventing total baldness comes up, after 
the first stage, when abnormal hair loss is noticed. 

Poorly nourished, anaemic, dyspeptic young men and women 
will need careful remedial measures for internal as well as local 
treatment. 

In March and April, also in September, more hair than 
usual falls out, as happens also in the case of animals who renew 
their hairy covering before the winter season sets in. 

If the scalp should be maltreated at such times in any way, 
for instance, by too frequent douches or application of water, or 
the hair be allowed to dry up too much for lack of the oily secre- 
tions suppressed by such measures, it is almost sure to be fol- 
lowed by an abnormal loss of hair. 

Add to this the habitual wearing of tight hats and caps 
compressing the vessels intended to carry blood to the roots of 
the hair, or the senseless, frequent cutting of the hair, which has 



PREMATURE BALDNESS 



43 




Fig. 17. 



This plate demonstrates an entirely different form of 
baldness ; form, I say, because it only differs in that par- 
ticular, attacking the temporal region of the skull on 
both sides, the microbacillus having found this locality 
more convenient for attack. 

The forehead is gradually getting higher and broader, 
giving the man an appearance of superior wisdom and 
deep thought ; but not deservedly. 

Had he been a deep thinker, he would have thought 
how to save his hair and whom to consult about it. 

Also note in this picture the beginning of the invasion 
all-over the crown of the head and how the hair is 
getting thinner and "beautifully" less. 



44 THE HAIR 

long been proved to be injurious to its growth, the application 
of an inordinate amount of fat, oil or pomade, hard study, late 
hours, improper and insufficient food, and you have a series of 
factors well calculated to ruin the most beautiful crop of hair 
that ever adorned a human skull. 

While in the form of baldness described in the preceding 
section (Universal Alopecia) a speed recovery may be promised 
if the treatment is properly and timely applied, we cannot do 
as much in this chronic form of premature baldness. 

How to Prevent Total Baldness 

Only the most assiduous care can prevent absolute and total 
baldness (saving the fringe left over ears and at back of head 
mentioned above), especially as this insidious affection is rarely 
discovered early enough by the patient. Friends and acquaint- 
ances in most cases call the attention of the victim to the threat- 
ening disaster, and then perhaps may add insult to injury by 
recommending some useless or injurious hairwash. 

I put particular stress upon this fact, while talking of the 
treatment of such cases, that charlatans, hair-wizards and quacks 
have for hundreds of years made this their special field, adver- 
tising unceasingly their wonderworking compounds, impossible 
and incomprehensible mixtures of bearfats, herbsoaps, greases 
gathered from sheepcombings, horses and cattle, etc. 

We have in such cases to consider the whole body of our 
patients just as we do in the case of other chronic wasting 



PREMATURE BALDNESS 



45 





Fig. 18. 



Fig. 19. 



These illustrations show the same form of Seborrhoea attacking the hair on 
both sides of the forehead, leaving a peninsula jutting out into the middle, form- 
ing a gulf on either side, thus making the bareness of both temples more 
pronounced. 



46 THE HAIR 

diseases, and have to try to discover the hidden cause which 
destroys slowly but surely the entire hair-forming apparatus. 

Only a careful examination by the microscope and similar 
means enable us to establish the fact that no parasite, fungus, 
baccillus or microbe is at work, but that we have a simple case 
of premature baldness which, without external symptoms beyond 
the loss of hair, is caused by degeneration, decay and death of 
the hair bulbs and its accessories. 

The intensity of the disease when it has reached the later 
stage is shown, as above said, by the increased loss of the down 
or wool hair covering the scalp. 

This condition of things is reached in the second and third 
years of the later stage, when in place of long, normal hair, thin, 
colorless, short, shiny lanugo or wool hair takes its place. 

When the question comes up, what should be done in this 
later stage to ameliorate the condition of our patient, the spe- 
cialist is compelled to explain what nature can do for him. 

Here is my opportunity to discuss that interesting subject, 
so little understood by the laity, the regeneration of the tissues 
in the human body. 

Section 3 

Regeneration 

Every part of a living organism maintains itself against 
external influences, which attack it constantly in its normally 
healthy and vigorous condition, or better expressed, in its in- 
tegrity, only by the fact that it is enabled either to resist these 



PREMATURE BALDNESS 



47 




Fig. 20. 



Here we see a typical case of baldness due to Sebor- 
rhoea on the crown and temples. The hair which is left 
standing has lost its normal condition as to quantity 
and appearance. 

It is thin, short, without lustre, and will neither serve 
as adornment nor as protection very much longer, being 
doomed to fall early. 

In all probability this patient will save for his old age 
a little fringe of dead, dull looking hair, scarcely visible 
below the brim of his hat, a reminder of former glory. 

My advice to him would be like unto that given to 
Fig. 16. 



48 THE HAIR 

external influences or to overcome the effect of the same and to 
regain its former healthy normal condition. 

The ability to make reparation is a fundamental faculty 
of each and every organism or cell, and its occurrence is at the 
same time a proof of its vitality. 

If some part of the human system is constantly assailed by 
adverse, inimical, injurious influences, the result will be the 
gradual loss of its ability to resist such attacks, as its power of 
resistance is diminishing more and more. Therefore this part 
of the system will perish before its time, because it can no longer 
resist attack. That is clear. 

There is no standstill in the human nor in any other living 
organization. It either progresses or recedes. This means there 
is either repair from injuries received, or death of cell, tissue 
and organism. It is no longer able to regain its former shape, 
consistency or vigor. 

Furthermore, when the declining plane, the receding direc- 
tion, has been taken, its pace will quicken more and more 
towards perdition, the end, decay. 

This explains to the lay mind the reason why chronic 
diseased conditions, having existed some time, having caused 
changes in the minute organisms involved, can only be arrested 
with the greatest difficulty and why complete return to the former 
healthy and normal state can hardly be expected ! 

Hence, this should be a warning to those who read, to seek 
help early in the first stage of the disease and to avoid the hope- 
less condition of the chronL stage ! 



MATURE BALDNESS 



49 




Fig. 21. 
A Case of Premature Baldness in a Young Woman. 



i 



50 THE HAIF 

How These Rules Apply to the Hair 

When we apply these fundamental laws to the process of 
chronic diseases of the scalp, it follows that as soon as a great 
part of the hair after many months and years has lost its original 
diameter and has become thin, short and colorless like down, 
which covers the other parts of the human body, it will only be 
in the rarest instances that improvement can be expected. Nor 
would it be fair for the specialist to promise a retention of the 
present crop of hair for any length of time, for the law of nature 
explained above says distinctly that, once the retrogressive has 
been taken by any organism, it will continue in that direction to 
the end. Hence the hairbulb, the organism evolving the hair 
within the follicle, having started to send forth downy hair, thin, 
short and colorless, will continue to do so until it shrinks and 
stops growing hair altogether. 

Thus it is, that we are placed in the position, when asked 
for help at that stage of the disease, to say, there is no help in 
cases where the downy hair has usurped the place of the normal 
hair, but that part of the scalp which is still on the boundary line 
between the first and second stage can be saved from entering 
the second stage, and long hair can be made to continue to grow 
from the follicles not yet involved, having escaped the inroad 
of the disease thus far. 

Furthermore, parts already affected by the second stage can 
be influenced to the extent of warding off the progress of the 
disease for years. 



PREMATURE BALDNESS 51 

Combining therefore both methods mentioned, we can pre- 
vent baldness of one part of the scalp altogether, and in another 
part we can put off the evil day from 10 to 15 years. Finally, 
we can, by the exhibition of proper and effective scalp lotions, 
overcome the weakened condition of the entire hair-growing ap- 
paratus, bloodvessels, bulbs, nerves and all. 

Section 4 
Treatment of Premature Baldness 

The internal treatment of premature baldness consists largely 
in the use of minute doses of such remedies as arsenic, which can 
only be prescribed for each individual case after careful exami- 
nation as to the ability of the patient to take this dangerous drug. 
Iron and cod liver oil are in some cases our mainstay in the suc- 
cessful treatment of this disorder of the hair. 

Externally, a larger number of medicines are at our command, 
and the choice is simply made according to individual conditions. 

I mention below a number of excellent mixtures with direc- 
tions as to their use : 

I£. Tumenoli Ammonii. 

Saponis viridis ana 5.0 

Tincturae Benzoes 3.0 

Vasilini albi optimi ad 50.0 

D.S. — To be rubbed into the scalp gently every evening. 



52 THE HAIR 

The following morning wash off this salve with warm water 
and a neutral soap (Castile) and use: 

If. Acidi Acetici crystallisati. 

Formalini ana 5.0 

Pilocarpini hydrochlor 1.0 

Spiritus Lavandulae ad 250.0 

M.D.S. — Rub into scalp. 

Use this latter mixture thoroughly, because it is to have an 
irritating effect upon the scalp; or use: 

R. Chloralis Hydratis. 
Resorcini. 

Acidi Tannici ana 3.0 

Tincturae Benzoes 1.5 

Olei Ricini 5.0 

Spiritus Rosmarini ad 100.0 



or, 



I£. Liquoris Carbonis detergentis anglici. . 10.0 

Acidi Salicylici 4.0 

Ol. Ricini 5.0-10.0 

Tincturae Benzoes 2.0 

Spir. Coloniensis 50.0 

Spir. Lavandulae. 

Spir. Rosmarini ana ad 200.0 



PREMATURE BALDNESS 53 

or, 

4, If. Resorcini 2.0 

Tinct. Cantharid. 
Glycerini. 

Spir. Lavandul ana 3.0 

01. Ricini 1.0 

Tinct. Capsici. 

Pilocarpini hydrochlor. ana 3.0 

Spir. Lavandulae ad 100.0 

All these headwashes, or more properly called scalp lotions, 
must be energetically employed upon the denuded surface, as their 
purpose is to exert a strong irritative influence upon those parts 
of the hair which are beneath the surface, viz., the follicle, the 
shaft and the bulb of the hair. 

When using Prescription No. 2, special care should be used, 
as the acid it contains attacks one individual's scalp more than 
another. 

The same caution should be observed when using the fol- 
lowing scalp lotion : 

5, 5- Acidi Tannici 5.0 

Spir. rectificati. 

Spir. Sinapis ana 10.0 

Aq. Coloniensis 2.0 

Spir. Vini Gallici 80.0 



# 



54 THE HAIR 

Some cases may be more readily benefited by the use of such 
combinations as the following: 

6, R. Cantharidis (macerati) 7.5 

01. Bergamotti 0.5 

Paraffini liquidi . . / 90.0 

M.S. — Rub into the scalp twice a week. 

However we must frankly confess that even after the use 
of every one of these well-tried and highly recommended lotions, 
which are carefully and scientifically compounded for just our 
purpose to stop the loss of hair and to promote the development 
, of new growth thereof, it will frequently occur that the result 
' is small and far off. Great patience and endurance are needed 
and incessant efforts must be made, the physician's orders strictly 
followed in every particular, and above all the patient's hopes 
not raised too high. 

Section 5 

Cicatricial Baldness 

This form of baldness is not so frequently met with, but 
deserves mention in order to make my description of the different 
varieties more complete. It is a localized baldness, not general, 
and is causd by the purulent inflammation of the hair follicles 
and resultant scars formed upon the scalp. I can best give you 
a description of it by relating the condition of one of the few 
cases I treated last fall, which was a perfect type of this disease. 



CICATRICIAL BALDNESS 55 

What It Means 

A young gentleman was sent to me by the Laryngologist 
of the German Hospital, whom he had consulted about some 
disease of the nose. On inspection I found on his scalp here 
and there some small swellings the size of a pea, and some 
larger. They were easily found, as they were surrounded by 
bald spots which formed the circumference of the nodules. On 
cutting down into the most vicious looking swellings, pus ap- 
peared which was removed; then the wound was thoroughly 
disinfected and a salve containing Salicylic Acid prescribed to 
be applied at bedtime. 

Description of a Case 

The sores were all opened and treated in the same manner 
on two other subsequent visits at my office and healed readily, 
leaving a scar devoid of hair. The microscopical examination 
showed clearly the invasion of the hair follicles by the common 
bacillus, streptococcus pyogenes aureus, causing putrefaction. 
For subsequent treatment, to avoid a return of the attack, I 
ordered an antiseptic scalp lotion. 

The single follicles were of course destroyed and became 
cicatricial tissue, precluding the possibility of hair growing in 
the future. 

This infectious disease of the scalp is found in young and 
old people, male and female, and aside from causing a few bald 
spots on the scalp, causes little or no discomfort. The periphery 
around the affected follicle regains its hairy covering after due 
time. 



CHAPTER IV 

ALOPECIA AREATA, OR NERVOUS BALDNESS 



Section 1 
Nature of the Disease 

That the nerves are of the greatest importance to the 
growth and development of the hair is a fact often lost sight of, 
nevertheless it is true that there are even diseases of the hair 
and scalp entirely due to the nerves. Those nerves are the ones 
which are engaged in the control of the nutrition of every part 
of the human organism and of special interest to us in connec- 
tion with this subject in the development of the hair. 

Alopecia areata, or as I prefer to denominate it, nervous 
baldness, is a rather common disease of the scalp and is most 
frequently observed in children and youthful subjects. 

It appears rather suddenly, without any premonitory symp- 
toms whatsoever, neither headache nor itching, nor other local 
manifestations, nor does the hair loss come gradually. We see 
no redness upon the affected scalp, no pus is visible, nor is there 
any tenderness upon pressure with the finger. 

The patient affected with this disease seems perfectly well, 
yet the hair on one or more circular or circumscribed patches 
of the scalp falls out or leaves little stumps cut off short as if it 
were done with scissors. 

On account of the shape of the bald area it has also been 

57 



\ 



58 THE HAIR 

called circular or circumscribed baldness. The disease has been 
known to occur in boarding schools, institutions, military bar- 
racks and police stations, in short, where numbers of boys and 
men are habitually assembled. A dozen boys out of a hundred 
in a school, a similar number out of 36 in a police station and 
45 soldiers out of a company have been found to be attacked 
simultaneously and successively by alopecia areata. This, of 
course, does look like contagion and, indeed, some observers 
maintain to-day that this disease is of microbic origin. 

There are others, however, who say it is caused by the 
nerves mentioned above, and they give good and satisfactory 
reasons for their convictions. One reason is that the disease is 
apt to return and attack the very same spot as before, which 
would be a truly wonderful performance for any kind of bacillus 
to find the same place again where he perpetrated his nefarious 
and voracious activity once before. Another reason is that on 
severing a certain nerve traversing the scalp, this disease makes 
its appearance without much loss of time. 

Also the causes given for its appearance make it appear 
to be of nervous origin, such as affections of the teeth, develop- 
ment of the teeth, diseases of the ear, larynx, trachea and lungs, 
which organs are all connected by their nerve supply (the 
trigeminus and the pneumogastric nerves) with those of the 
scalp. 

I have mentioned above that this disease begins with the 
sudden appearance of one or more bald spots in a previously 
abundant hair crop or beard or both together. 



NERVOUS BALDNESS 



59 




Fig. 22. 



An ordinary case of Alopecia areata or nervous bald- 
ness. The bald areas are distinctly circular, which ex- 
plains why this disease is so often called circular 
(kreisformig) baldness. The location of the bald spots 
in this case is characteristic, on the crown at the side 
and on the back of head near the beginning of the neck. 



60 THE HAIR 

In women and children only the scalp is attacked. If sev- 
eral spots appear, they may confluate and form different config- 
urations like the figure "8," or take on an oval form. They 
may be large or small, and gradually spread all over the hairy 
part of the head, denuding it entirely. The bare skin seems 
shrunken, withered, attenuated, and you can easily pick the loose 
skin up between two fingers. 

In case the disease does not extend beyond the head, we 
call it the benignant form. Whenever it does invade the re- 
maining hairy portions of the body, under the arms, upon the 
pubic region, etc., we call it the malignant form. 

In the latter case the nails are similarly affected and, with- 
out changing color, seem perforated by innumerable pin-points. 

The patient, as mentioned before, suffers little inconvenience 
except in regard to his appearance. There may be exceptional 
cases of people who suffer from headache, nose bleed, both 
originating on the side of the head where the alopecia is found. 
Also sleepiness is known to have been complained of, but the 
great majority complain of no unpleasant symptoms whatever. 

It rarely attacks persons over 40 years of age. Young 
people, teething infants, and those about to enter puberty seem 
most often attacked. 

As we can promise our patients almost certainly that the 
hair lost will surely be replaced by a new and better crop, the 
affection is considered one of the milder forms of diseases of 
the scalp. 



NERVOUS BALDNESS 



61 




Fig. 23. 

A case of Alopecia areata of the crown form, also 
sometimes called area Celsi. The entire base of the 
skull has been denuded of hair, as has the portion en- 
circling the auricle. Here and there over the crown of 
the head are individual bald spots. 



62 THE HAIR 

While this holds true in almost every case, the length of 
time it would take for the hair to return is quite uncertain. 

It is known that cases, which were neglected in the begin- 
ning of the disorder, took years to get well ; others, who resisted 
treatment, had wool hair or lanugo hair in place of the normal 
hair. Therefore it will be clear to the thinking mind that the 
treatment of this disease should be rational and thorough. 

Section 2 
Treatment of Alopecia Areata 

The thousands of remedies, nostrums, tonics and hair 
washes which have been dumped upon the drug-market and fill 
the shelves of every drugshop, barbershop and lately also the 
apothecaries of the huge department stores, tell the tale of the 
variety of opinions which hair sharps have had of this disease. 
They are all useless, without exception, for the simple reason 
that they were compounded before the cause of this disease was 
known. 

In the clinic of Sabouraud in Paris, of Josef in Berlin, of 
Riehl and Finger in Vienna, the one and only remedy employed 
is chrysarobin. A mild case with a very small patch of baldness 
should be treated with the following: 

I£. Chrysarobin 2.0 

Traumaticini 100.0 

This fluid should be applied to the affected part by paint- 
ing it on the scalp two or three times a week. The solution dries 



NERVOUS BALDNESS 



63 




Fig. 24. 



In this illustration the disease is represented as at- 
tacking a young woman's hair and scalp. Such cases 
are often met with. This form is very disfiguring, and 
what is more distressing, very obstinate in resisting 
treatment. 



64 THE HAIR 

up in a few minutes after it has been painted on, becoming a 
yellow crust. Upon this crust another application is made. 

Although no promise of a certain cure can be given, of all 
remedies applied this has been the most effective. 

Care must be observed in the use of this drug by those who 
are inexperienced, as it is intensely irritant. If even the minutest 
particle of it came into the eye, a violent inflammation would im- 
mediately set in which would require very energetic and skilful 
measures for its abatement. 

Therefore it is out of the question to have a patient with 
Alopecia Areata treated by any member of the family, however 
skilful. 

Observe These Rules 

Care must also be observed not to permit a too violent irri- 
tation of the parts affected, by painting the solution upon the 
part too often, or even at all, in case the skin shows signs of 
becoming inflamed. When this occurs, a stop must be made at 
once and vaseline or unguentum simplex applied several times a 
day till all signs of irritation have vanished. 

Where the solution above mentioned is not suitable for any 
reason, the following salve may be employed with good results: 

IJ. Chrysarobin 5.0 

Balsami Peruviani 1.0 

Nitini puri 30.0 

S. — Use upon parts affected. To be applied every evening. 



NERVOUS BALDNESS 



65 




Fig. 25. 



This case, which, like the preceding ones, have come 
under the observation of Professor Brocq of the St. 
Louis Hospital, Paris, is an example of the malignant 
type of Alopecia areata — beard, eyebrows, eyelashes, the 
hair growing in the axilla on the os pubis, on the 
breast, on the upper and lower limbs, all disappear. 
Yes, there have been cases where even the fine wool 
hair (lanugo) has entirely disappeared. 



66 THE HAIR 

The patient should observe, when using this salve, that 
after applying it in the evening before retiring he should wear 
a cap upon his head and wash the affected parts twice a week 
with castile soap and water. 

Where Chrysarobin, for some objection or other, is not suit- 
able at all (it stains the skin a vivid yellow), a good substitute 
for it is found in the following paste : 

If. Olei Crotonis 2.0 

Cerae albae. 

Butyri Cacao aal.O 

m. f. pasta. 
S. — Use on parts affected. 

On account of the strong irritant this paste contains, it is 
advisable to use only a minute portion of it the first evening: for 
instance, a bit the size of the head of a pin on a bald area the 
size of a quarter of a dollar. 

Put vaseline or unguentum simplex on the inflamed skin, as 
mentioned above, until the irritation is subdued. 

Gradually the skin is less and less affected by the remedy 
and larger amounts can be used with good results, and the hair 
will come back in time. 



CHAPTER V 

superfluous hair and its removal 
knotted hair, split hair 

Section 1 
Nature and Location of Superfluous Hair 

Hypertrichosis (from the Greek word hyper, overmuch, 
trichosis, hairness), an overgrowth of hair, is seldom found to 
be general (on body, face and limbs, but often is localized on 
the faces of women. It may be acquired or hereditary. 

Applying blisters on any part of the human skin or keeping 
hot fomentations on one particular region of the body for any 
length of time, will bring forth a copious crop of hair, to the 
great surprise of the patient; but, nevertheless, it is a fact. 

The species of hirsuties or hairiness which interests us most 
is that one which has been the bane and curse of many a young 
girl or woman for ages. 

When they develop an abundant hairy coat upon upper 
arms, forearms, thighs, legs or abdomen, it does not worry them 
so much, and rarely do they consult the physician about it. 

But nearly all cases which come to us for relief are those 
where an otherwise pretty face is disfigured by an abundant 

growth of hair on cheek, upper lip and chin. 

67 



68 ' THE HAIR 

They have undergone acute mental torture through the 
innocent or careless remarks of friends and relatives, and come 
to us for help. 

Sometimes only a perfectly legitimate and proper little 
down covers their lip, harmonizing well with the general feat- 
ures, but no amount of argument will convince them that it is 
quite unobjectionable. They insist upon having this downy 
growth removed. 

With many of those thus afflicted it becomes a regular 
mania; their glass is consulted at every hour of the day to see 
whether this innocent down has grown more noticeable; they 
carry pocket mirrors, when going from home, in order to be 
able to keep up surveillance and inspection of their face at every 
favorable moment. 

Many of these ladies have acquired superfluous hair in the 
following manner: First, taking fright when noticing the fin< 
down appearing upon their upper lip, they pull out each one of 
the tiny hairs or burn off by means of an alcohol flame whatever 
is too minute to be held firmly between the thumb and forefinger. 

Naturally the down, stimulated by the force exerted upon 
the hair follicle, grows more vigorous and bigger at each attempt 
to eradicate it. 

Often persons thus afflicted have recourse to depilatory 
powders which they have seen advertised as a sure cure, but 
which are nothing of the sort. 

Soon the ever-returning down develops into a normal hair 
to all intents and purposes, and now really becomes a disfigure- 



SUPERFLUOUS HAIR 



69 




Fig. 28. 



Fig. 29. 



Fig. 26. — Young Lady with Hair on upper lip and chin. 

Fig. 27. — Young Lady with Hair on cheeks. 

Fig. 28. — Young Lady with well-developed Side 

Whiskers. 
Fig. 29. — Same after treatment. 
Fig. 30. — A case of excessive Hypertrichosis. 



70 THE HAIR 

ment and objectionable on that account; for a real hair of the 
bristle variety was not intended by Nature to adorn a woman's 
upper lip. 

Thus we have seen how an innocent, unobjectionable down 
is turned into a disfiguring growth of hair by the irrational 
methods of a frightened young woman. 

There are however many cases where nothing is done to 
turn this down into normal hair, and yet normal hair develops 
in great plenty. Here we have heredity pure and simple. 

Without going into particulars as to the different groups 
and varieties of hirsuties or hairiness, which depend merely upon 
their location, whether on cheek or chin or upper lip, my inten- 
tion is to describe the different forms of treatment devised and 
recommended for the cure of this affliction at the present time. 

Section 2 
The Removal of Superfluous Hair 

Among the large number of suggestions made and accepted 
for the removal of superfluous hair on the female face, burning 
with alcohol flames was one of the earliest. 

Remedies, once much in vogue for removing obnoxious hair 
from the face, were bees'wax, pitch, sealing wax and other 
agglutinous substances attached to a short stick of wood, match 
or toothpick; they were melted at a flame, quickly applied to the 
hair, allowed to cool and removed with lightning rapidity and the 
hair with it. 



SUPERFLUOUS HAIR 71 

Squeezers and pincers are still in general use, and do well 
where single hairs standing alone are to be taken away. 

Scissors are employed to cut the hair short enough to allow 
a razor to be used. This requires skill and courage, roughens 
the skin and must be done daily during life, for on stopping, a 
virile growth of beard will be in evidence. 

Another method for removing hair from the face is the use 
of depilatory (hair removing) powders which, when mixed with 
water, make a paste. 

This paste, having been transferred upon the upper lip or 
whatever other part overgrown with undesirable hair and left 
on for 5 or 10 minutes, will on removal leave the skin beautifully 
bare, smooth and devoid of any vestige of hair, though the red- 
dened surface will show plainly that it has happened at the 
expense of an irritated and angry looking skin. 

Such depilatory powders which are advertised in all the 
daily papers, contain Barium Sulphate, Arsenic Trisulphite, Cal- 
cium and Salicylic Acid, each and* every one a dangerous drug 
which has to be used with great caution. 

Some of the most celebrated mixtures for the purpose of 
removing hair from the face are these: 

Laforest's depilatory powder: 

If. Orpiment 30.0 ^ 

Letharge 30.0 [ Get this in a first-class 

Mercure 60.0 [ French drugstore. 

Amidon poudre 30.0 J 

M. — Fiat pulvis. S. — Externally. 



72 THE HAIR 

Turkish Depilatory: 

R. Trisulphite of Arsenic. 6.0 ) ~ , . , 

r^\ 1 r a ( Get this in a good 

Chaux vive 16.0 > ^ , , 

t-. . j , o r a I rrench drugstore. 

Fanne de foment 2-5.0 J & 

M. Fiat pulvis. S. — Externally. 

Boiling water must be added to these two mixtures in suffi- 
cient quantity to make a paste. Apply this paste with a wooden 
spatule on parts affected, leave on 5 or 10 minutes, until burn- 
ing sets in. Remove with a dull knife, wash parts with hot 
water, cover with starch powder. 

Andersen's Mixture : 

^. Barii Sulfidi 6.0 

Zinci oxydati 24.0 

Carmine 0.6 

M. — Externally. 

Other mixtures much used in Germany are : 
I£. Barii Sulfidi recenter parati. 

Zinci oxydati partes aequales. 
M.S. — Externally, 
or, 

IJ. Strontii Sulfurici 8.0 

Zinci oxydati 

Amyli ana 12.0 

M.S. — Leave on after preparing paste with warm water for 
5, 10, or 15 minutes, remove with oil and put cold cream on the 
skin treated. 



SUPERFLUOUS HAIR 73 

All these powders are irritants and injurious to the skin 
which shows signs of inflammation after their use, if continued 
for any length of time. Their irritant qualities often increase 
and quicken the development of the hair, frequently removed in 
this way, making it necessary for the unhappy sufferer to renew 
the operation at even shorter intervals and make greater efforts 
every time. To-day the surest remedy, a remedy approved by 
all dermatologists for the removal of superfluous hair, is electro- 
lysis by the use of the galvanic current. 

Section 3 
Electrolysis and Kromayer's Method 

The removal and destruction of hair by the galvanic current 
was first done by Dr. Michel, an ophthalmologist of St. Louis, 
who used this method to destroy deviated hairs in the eyelids of 
his patients. Dr. Hardaway, a physician, followed this example 
and used the galvanic current for the first time to destroy hair 
bulbs and thus to prevent the growth of superfluous hair on the 
face of his lady patients. This is now the method generally 
adopted by the dermatologists, and no better way has yet been 
found. 

The usual proceeding consists in inserting a fine needle into 
the hair follicle and allowing a gentle current from the battery 
to act upon the hair bulb for from one to one and a half minutes, 
after which the hair can be easily removed with the pincers. 

It is possible to remove about 50 hairs in one hour by this 
method. 



74 THE HAIR 

At the Paris clinics more than that number are sometimes 
removed, but it is not best to take out more at a single sitting, 
and the best advice is to remove no more than 50. Of these 50 
hairs removed 30-50 percent are expected to return and must be 
removed again. 

The patient will be surprised when told that this work has 
to be done over again, but a few necessary explanations will 
make it appear reasonable, and even natural, that this should 
be so. 

When electrolysis is used for depilation there is scarcely any 
pain felt on introducing the needle into the follicle, nor when 
the needle comes into contact with the bulb. 

The current being now turned on very gently and slowly to 
avoid giving the patient a shock, a slight burning sensation is felt, 
which continues as long as the current is left on. 

If the needle has touched the papilla at the bottom of the 
follicle, the current will surely destroy it and thus prevent the for- 
mation of another hair. The destruction of the papilla however 
will not prevent the new issue of hair from the follicle in every 
case, for the following reasons. The papilla may be destroyed or 
rendered inactive, but a second (and sometimes a third) hair 
may have been lying in wait, attached to the walls of the follicle, 
ready to push forward as soon as the old hair was removed. 
Again the current of electricity let into the hair follicle may stir 
the hair generating apparatus around and about the papilla to re- 
newed activity and, last but not least, a downy hair may be turned 
into a bristle hair by the same agency. 



SUPERFLUOUS HAIR 75 

These are the possibilities even when the papilla has been 
reached by the needle, and the electrolytic process has been prop- 
erly carried out. But this is not always to be expected from even 
the most skilful and experienced operator; for, to come in contact 
with the hair papilla, we must follow the hair shaft as it emerges 
from the follicle and feel our way along it down to the papilla on 
which it grows. But, alas, the hairshaft is not always a straight 
and upright hairshaft; it has crooked, devious and inscrutable 
ways about it like so many other things. Often it makes a rapid 
turn immediately after it has passed the upper or epidermal layer 
of the skin, and it js impossible to follow this turn with the 
needle. Without the guidance of the hairshaft, the needle goes 
on in the same direction and may or may not strike the papilla. In 
the latter case the hair is only removed with difficulty and a little 
pain, while otherwise the hair follows the slightest pull and 
almost drops' from the follicle. 

Under these circumstances the patient is obliged to trust en- 
tirely to the skill and honest intention of the physician who is 
willing to undertake this arduous and difficult work. 

Although the pain which the patient feels is insignificant 
when the needle and the current are used by an experienced op- 
erator, yet many patients feel inclined to give up the treatment, 
unable to bear it, but these are probably hyper-sensitive persons, 
and usually, when they see the good results following and become 
used to the slight pain, they are anxious to have the treatment 
continued and are willing to bear what little pain there is in return 
for their improved appearance. 



76 



THE HAIR 



While in Paris and Vienna, at Professors Sabouraud's and 
Brocq's clinics, the single needle is still being used, I learned and 
adopted the newer method of Prof. Kromayer in Berlin, who 
combines five gilt and insulated needles attached to wires, each 
needle being inserted in a hair follicle; thus removing five instead 
of one hair at a time. The needles used are so fine that they 
cause hardly any discomfort and the time saved in the removal of 
the hair is considerable. Prof. Kromayer's method is for these 
reasons so far superior to the old one that I prefer to employ it. 




Fig. 31. — Needles for Epilation. 



This method is called multiple epilation, because four or five 
hairs can be removed at the same time. A further reason for 
favoring the Kromayer method is the fact that instead of 50%, 
only 10 to 20% of the removed hairs return to be removed a 
second time. 



KNOTTY HAIR 



" 



Section 4 

Trichorrhexis Nodosa (Knotted Hair) 

Trichorrhexis nodosa, a Greek and Latin combination of 
words (Trichos, hair; rhexis, burst; nodosa, knotty), means in 
English : a knotty burst hair. It is commonly called knotty 
hair, because the bursted or rent portion of the hair has the ap- 
pearance of a knot. This is one of the several forms of injury 
which the hair receives through mechanical force, such as im- 
proper use of bad brushes, broken combs, etc. While normal 
hair looks smooth from one end of the hairshaft to its point, we 




Fig 32. — Knotty Hair 



see in these cases little knots at short distances from each other, 
which sometimes resemble nits, but on close inspection show a 
condition of the hair, as if it were split into innumerable fibres or 
threads, as if for instance two painter's brushes were stuck to- 
gether with the bristle ends on top of each other. 



78 THE HAIR 

The microscope shows that the external layer of the hair, 
the cuticle, is burst open and the inner layers show through the 
broken ends of the cuticle in the manner above described. 

The cause of this condition has been given as, first, insuffi- 
cient nourishment; secondly, mechanical injuries, and, thirdly, 
microbes. 

The real cause seems not to have been found. However, 
the majority of modern dermatologists ascribe it to mechanical 
injuries as mentioned above. 

Prof. Joseph (Berlin) likens it to a shaving brush which 
when insufficiently dried after using and placed at the open air, 
will show the same condition as the human hair does in trichor- 
rhexis nodosa. He says it is not to be wondered if microbes attack 
the injured parts and settle there as they are in the habit of doing 
wherever they find an easy entrance into the tissues by scratches, 
tears, cuts or wounds. Another dermatologist practiced on his 
mustache, washing it day after day with soap and water and 
after a few weeks he was gratified (?) by seeing a beautiful case 
of trichorrhexis nodosa develop on his own mustache. 

Section 5 

Trichoptilosis, Splitting Hair 

This condition receives mention simply to distinguish it from 
the preceding hair trouble. The word means featherhair, thrix 
meaning hair and ptilon feather; both words are from the Greek. 



SPLIT HAIR 



79 



A feathered hair, or as it is generally called, a split hair, is 
caused by a separation of the hairshaft in two or three longi- 
tudinal parts. Microbes and bacilli have been looked for to 
account for this splitting of hair, and hairsplitting arguments 
have been carried on for many years as to the cause of this con- 
dition, until at last this degeneration of hair is being accounted 
for by natural reasons. 




Fig. 33.— Split Hair. 



Trichoptilosis or split hair is due to abnormal dryness of 
the hair, which makes it split at the end. Too frequent washing 
of the hair with improper or badly chosen soap, using bad brushes 
with broken bristles, combs with split teeth, the curling iron too 
frequently and carelessly, hot air apparatus for quickly drying 
hair after washing it, or some other mechanical injury lead to 
this condition as well as to the former, trichorrhexis nodosa. 

The remedy is the same for both conditions. Washing 
with soap is prohibited, as this process would abstract even the 
last vestige of natural oil from the hair; good brushes and combs 
are to be used. We order a good hairoil, a good scalp lotion 



80 THE HAIR 

containing some of the vegetable oils, as follows, for use every 
morning: 

Jfy. Olei amygdalarum .« 27.0 

Olei bergamotti 3.0 

or this Brillantine : 

^. Olei ricini 50.0 

Spiritus vini 10.0 

Olei rosarum gtt. i — ii 

D.S. — To be rubbed into the hair and scalp every morning. 



CHAPTER VI 

parasitical and fungoid diseases of the hair 

Section 1 
Origin of the Names 

Parasitic is a derivative from parasite (from para, upon or 
by, and sitos, food), which means an animal feeding upon an- 
other animal, or a plant living upon another plant, or an animal 
deriving its nutriment from either. 

This is exactly the case in the three varieties of hair diseases 
I am going to describe in this chapter. 

Two of them are due to a vegetable and the third to an 
animal parasite, viz.: Trichophyton tonsurans (or Herpes ton- 
surans or Trichophytosis) the first one; Favus, the second, and 
Pediculosis capitis or head lice, the third. 

Section 2 

Trichophyton Tonsurans {Ringworm) 

The name is Greek and Latin side by side, Trichophyton be- 
ing derived from thrix, the hair, and phyton, plant, hairshaft; 
tonsurans is a Latin word meaning shearing, shaving. Hence 
the combined name means a shearing hair plant, or rather a 
hair-shearing plant. 

The plain English for this variety is ringworm, most inap- 

81 



82 



THE HAIR 




Fig. 34. 



Hair of a child afflicted with 
Trychophyton (Ringworm). 



RINGWORM 



83 








B — 



Fig. 35. 
A — laair Shaft. B — Mass of Trichophyton 
surrounding shaft. C — Fungus penetrating 
Hair. 



84 THE HAIR 

propriate, for it is not always a ring and never could be a worm, 
since it is perfectly well known and easily recognized under the 
microscope as being a plant. 

It is a contagious disease of the scalp, caused by the invasion 
of the fungus called Trichophyton tonsurans, which name ade- 
quately describes the quality and occupation of this parasite. 

This it certainly is; for we recognize its work in every 
place where it has taken up its domicile. 

Prof. Sabouraud, the great French investigator of diseases 
of the hair at the St. Louis Hospital in Paris, makes a distinction 
between a larger and a smaller fungus, or spore as he calls it, 
thus getting the designation makrosporie, meaning the presence 
of big spores, and mikrosporie, meaning the little spores, which 
has been accepted by most of the modern school of dermatologists. 

It would lead us, however, too far away from our subject 
to enter into a discussion of the several varieties and sub-divi- 
sions existing and known to the profession. As an instance of 
the diversity of opinions on this subject, let me only mention the 
fact that this disease has not less than thirty different names 
given to it by those who have made it a subject of their research. 

For the purpose of this booklet it is sufficient to say that 
this disease called by the general name, Trichophyton tonsurans 
(ringworm), is caused by a fungus invading the hair, shearing 
and destroying it. 

It is recognized by patches, sometimes circular, sometimes 
oval in shape; by scaly grayish white marks looking as if they 
were covered with dust and ashes. 



RINGWORM 



85 




Fig. 36. 
An ordinary case of Trichophyton tonsurans on a Boy's Scalp (Sabouraud). 



86 THE HAIR 

These marks are covered with stumps of hair, remnants of 
hair which show signs of having been broken, off, this latter 
symptom being the most distinguishing mark of this disease. 

The damage to the growing hair is caused by the fungus in- 
vading the hairshaft, spreading through, up and down, laterally 
and longitudinally, thus weakening the hair and causing it to 
break off at the point of least resistance. At the same time the 
hair loses its color, looking whitish or grayish and dead. 

This sign however is sometimes absent and whenever it is, 
we have to deal with the Makrosporon of Sabouraud, which 
causes little if any discoloration of the hair and leaves the skin 
undisturbed. 

A very clear picture of the destructive work this fungus is 
doing when it has penetrated the outer cover of a hair, is shown 
by the accompanying pictures selected with the permission of 
Professor Sabouraud from his great work on fungoid diseases 
of the hair. 

Although curable, this disease tries the endurance of phy- 
sician and patient to the utmost. 

It sometimes takes years to eradicate the parasite, and needs 
constant attention during certain periods of its development. 

Section 3 

Treatment of Trichophyton 

The first step in treating these cases effectively is to have the 
hair clipped short, in order to facilitate the local treatment of 
the disease. 



RINGWORM 



87 




Fig. 37. — Invasion of a Little Girl's face by the Ringworm. 



88 THE HAIR 

After that a thorough cleansing of the scalp is in order. 
This is best done by Hebras spiritus saponatus calinus, or the 
tincture of green soap and external application of some such 
vigorous remedies as are given below : 

5- Acidi Carbolici. 

Olei Petrolati aa 65.0 

Tincturae Iodi. 

Olei Ricini aa 110.0 

Olei Rusci qu.s. ad 500.0 

D.S. — Externally. 

This solution should be applied by means of a painter's brush 
upon the diseased portion of the scalp daily, for six consecutive 
days. On the sixth day another washing of the scalp should be 
given, or it should be brushed thoroughly, applying olive oil at the 
same time. 

On the seventh day, the former proceeding should be re- 
peated for another five or six days and so on for three or four 
weeks. 

This treatment is to be followed by friction of the scalp with 
a sulphur ointment of 5-10% strength, according to circumstances. 

3J. Sulphuris sublimati. 10.0 

Vasilini flavi . 100.0 

and in conclusion we employ for two weeks the following solution 
day by day : 



RINGWORM 



89 








„«— ij 



Fig. 38.— A French Poodle attacked by Ringworm. 



90 THE HAIR 

IJ. Resorcini. 

Acidi Salicylici aa 16.0 

Alcoholis 120.0 

Olei Ricini ad 500.0 

D.S. — Externally. Rub in scalp. 

This mixture should not be used by those whose hair is light 
in color (blonde or gray). 

In slight cases, when only one or two small patches of the 
trichophyton are found upon the scalp, apply either : 

Tincturae jodi qu. s., 
or, Ichthyoli puri qu. s., 
or, Chrysarobini Traumaticini 2-5%, 

or, Pasta Resorcini 10% (not to be used by blondes or gray- 
haired people) . 
or, Unguenti Wilkinsonii 10-20%, 
a small quantity, say one or two ounces of the fluids, 3 drams 
of the ointment, would prove sufficient to carry the case to a 
quick and good recovery. 

Another much recommended remedy and often employed is 
the red salve (Scharlachsalbe) of the late Prof. Lasar of Berlin, 
in whose clinic hundreds of such cases sought and found prompt 
relief from this disease by the use of 

I£. Hydrargyri sulfuris rubri 1.0 

Olei Bergamotti gtt. xxv 

Sulfuris sublimati 24.0 

Vasilini Americani ad 100.0 



FAVUS 



91 




m 



Fig. 39. — Typical appearance of Hair attacked by Fav 



92 THE HAIR 

Section 4 
Favus 

This disease is quite common in Russia and other Eastern 
countries, and many cases of favus were imported into this coun- 
try among the Polish and Russian Jews before the officer of the 
port stopped the influx. 

A fungus discovered by Schoenlein and named after him 
Achorion Schoenleinii, is known now to be the cause of this in- 
fectious disease. 

As it is, we have this disease here now and see cases of 
favus at all the dispensaries of this city. For all I know, the 
ban on the admission of those people who are afflicted with it 
may have been taken off, since we know to-day so much better 
how to deal with it and cure it absolutely. 

The disease is readily recognized by the physician when he 
sees the little scutula, shields, cups, crusts or whatever you may 
wish to call the yellow, hollowed out, shell-like scabs often per- 
forated by a hair, which cover the diseased portion of the scalp 
in greater or smaller numbers. 

The hair within these crusts loses its color, lustre and gloss, 
takes on a dusty coat, getting dry and friable, and breaks off. 

Although slow in progress it goes on steadily from bad to 
worse till the whole scalp, shoulders, back and buttocks may be 
involved, unless energetic measures are taken to stop the further 
inroads and progress of the fungus. 



FAVUS 



93 




Fig. 40. — Section of Hair of Favus case. 



94 THE HAIR 

No other disease of the scalp can well be mistaken for favus, 
for the scabs and crusts of folliculitis, to which it has some re- 
semblance, are straight and flat, not turned up like little saucers 
or cups as in favus. 

The prospect of a new crop of hair after recovery is not 
good, for every little crust means a cicatrix and destruction of 
tissue necessary for the development and growth of new hair. 
The fungus after penetrating the upper or epidermal layer of 
the skin burrows below the surface and destroys follicle and bulb 
of hair alike with sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, and on 
recovery we find a smooth, hairless, shiny mark in the place 
where the scab was found before. 

Section 5 
The Treatment of Favus 

There can be no successful treatment of favus without the 
removal of every hair which has been affected by the fungus. 

To do this we first wash the scalp thoroughly with soap and 
water and with a suitable pair of pincers remove every hair within 
the infected area. If the part is large enough a bunch of hair 
may be pulled out by taking hold of it between thumb and 
first finger, guarding against infection by the use of rubber tips. 
Formerly much of this work was done by employing pitch, wax 
and other agglutinous substances on sticks of wood. When all 
the infected areas are cleared of hair and cleansed again with 
soap and water we employ the following mixture as a fungicide : 



FAVUS 



95 




Fig. 41. — Favus spreading over Shoulders and Arms. 



96 THE HAIR 

5. Hydrargyri Bichloridi 0.5 

Tincturae Iodi ad 50.0 

D.S. — Externally. Rub in parts affected. 

Lately pyrogallic acid ointment 5-10% or chrysarobin oint- 
ment 10-20% have also been used with good effect; only great 
care must be taken, when using the last two remedies, not to get 
an atom of them into the eyes, which would be badly affected 
by the irritative quality of these acids. The proceedings above 
described should be continued for about one week, when a rest 
must be had for 3 days. After renewed washing of the scalp 
the same modus operandi must be repeated, and so on until no 
more signs of a return of the disease can be discovered. 

This manner of treating favus will do very well and prove 
satisfactory in most cases, particularly where none of the modern 
appliances can be secured. 

The most modern treatment of favus, however, is the use of 
the Rontgen or X rays; no better means of abating this disease 
quickly and for all time has been found. One single application 
of the Rontgen rays of the proper strength and duration will re- 
move the hair within two weeks and with the certain assurance 
that they will grow again. What formerly in many instances 
took a year and longer to accomplish, i. e., the clearing the scalp 
of every infected hair, is done by the Rontgen rays in one single 
sitting. 

Of course it must be done thoroughly, otherwise a relapse 
will take place, the favus parasite will renew its activity and the 
work must be done over again. 



FAVUS 



97 




Fig. 42. 
Entire surface of Boy's Body at- 
tacked by Favus. 



98 THE HAIR 

To destroy the fungus it is necessary to remove the infected 
hair and the follicle in which the hair grew, for the fungus is not 
killed or destroyed by the Rontgen rays, and we only rid our- 
selves of it by destroying that part of the skin and its appendages 
in which it has its domicile. 

Neither can the hair bulb withstand a second dose of 
Rontgen rays, and if the first application has been unsuccessful 
or ineffectual, the danger of having the hair destroyed forever 
is very great when a second application is given. 

Therefore the older treatment is still good in many cases 
and to be preferred when a small area of the head is infected, 

Section 6 
Pediculosis Capitis {Head Lice) 

The name of this parasitic disease of the hair has been de- 
rived from the Latin word pediculi, which means lice; another 
classical name often seen is phtheiriasis, taken from the Greek; 
the plain English being lousiness. 

Lice are parasites invading and living on human beings and 
animals, and are different in kind, as they inhabit different parts 
of the body. As they do not come within the compass of this 
section we shall simply describe that parasite's doings and nature 
which causes disturbances on the human scalp. 

When lice have taken up their domicile on the head, the 
first symptom the person may have is itching, caused by the 
meanderings of the new inhabitant in search of food. To obtain 
the latter, attacks upon the skin are next in order and bites are 



PEDICULOSIS 99 

the second symptoms the sufferer notices. There are people who 
may have an entire regiment of this vermin upon their head and 
never feel the slightest disturbance, while another may be driven 
to distraction by the movements and assaults of a single parasite 
upon his scalp. Scratching long and persistently seems to be 
their only relief. In the case of children their nights are sadly 
disturbed by the invasion of lice and they scratch their scalps until 
bleeding gives them the desired relief. Small children below the 
age of 2 or 3 years are rarely infested by them, since their supply 
of hair is insufficient to harbor this parasite; for the female 
laying the eggs needs the strong hairshaft to which they are 
to be fastened by the peculiar cement that resists all ordinary 
agencies to loosen them. 

Older children, with plenty of hair, are the ones who offer 
the choicest habitat for this enemy of the human hair and these 
children lacerate and maltreat their scalps to such an extent by 
scratching that pustules form where the scratches were, and 
eczema of severe type attacks their scalp as an after effect of 
their fight against the vermin. 

The poor, unclean and unhealthy children, the scrofulous, 
tuberculous offspring of our tenement population are the ones who 
most frequently suffer from this complaint, but the children of 
the well-to-do going to the same school, sitting side by side with 
the sufferers, very often carry the vermin home with them and 
communicate the same to their sisters and brothers, until entire 
families have to undergo treatment to escape this common in- 
fection. 



100 THE HAIR 

To recognize this disorder early is of the greatest import- 
ance, for quick discovery means quick recovery in this particular 
instance. 

To make sure of the presence of this invader of the scalp, 
it is necessary to examine the hair most carefully whenever a 
youngster comes home from school and complains of itching. 

The female lays eggs in vast numbers and propagation of 
the race is kept up at a very lively rate. The eggs, stuck to the 
hairshaft, as I mentioned above, are recognized as tiny grayish- 
whitish bodies resembling a little the branny scales from over- 
dry scalps. These "nits" (such is their name) are not to be 
removed by brushing, even if the brush be ever so hard and 
used with a will; and this proves their identity; for scales, dust 
and detritus would easily be removed by a hard brush. 

Section 7 
Treatment of Pediculosis 

Fortunately, this country is richly supplied with the best 
remedy for destroying this disgusting parasite, for there is up to 
this hour nothing more effective than "Kerosene." 

At the Vienna General Hospital, where hundreds come daily 
for relief from this condition, nothing else is used. So it is at 
the Hospital St. Louis in Paris, so it is at the Kliniks in Berlin. 

The modus operandi is simple. Saturate the scalp of the 
sufferer for a couple of days in succession with petroleum, and 
then wash this mess away with hot water and soap. This destroys 
the living parasite. 



PEDICULOSIS 101 

We deal with the ova or nits this way. As the cement which 
mother louse uses is extremely tough and tenacious, strong vine- 
gar or the ordinary acetic acid of the drug stores should be 
employed to soak the hair infected with the nits, being careful 
not to touch the scalp and its many sores and scratches. 

A fine comb is now to be used, being dipped into vinegar 
each time before drawing it through the hair. 

Another method among the better classes is to use a combi- 
nation of bichloride of mercury with acetic acid, which will 
destroy vermin and ova at the same time when used several times 
per day for several days. This prescription is as follows : 

^. Hydrargyri Bichloridi 2.0 

Aceti Communis ad. 300.0 

Where much soreness of the scalp is found to be present, 
it is well to soothe it by the liberal use of olive oil, which will 
soon abate the soreness, as long as no eczema exists. 



CHAPTER VII 

hygiene of the hair 

Section 1 
Cleanliness of Scalp 

The scalp must be kept clean, particularly since we know 
now, through modern investigations ,and laboratory experiments, 
that many diseases of it are due to microbic invasion. Therefore, 
it must be understood that a certain amount of time and care 
should be given to cleansing the scalp. 

With many people, particularly with those who work hard 
in mines or foundries, it has been found that dirt accumulates 
rapidly on their scalp. 

The profuse perspiration which is often so excessive in that 
region of the body, the secretion of the sebaceous glands and the 
detritus of the worn out skin mingle with the dust and grime of 
the workshop or street, and this is reason enough why some peo- 
ple should wash their scalp daily when engaged in such work. 

While this may be necessary for men and women employed 
in particular kinds of work, it is no indication for others. 

As a general rule, washing the scalp is not needed by adults, 
except every three or four weeks, according to circumstances. If 
daily exposed to the dust and dirt of the street in cities a weekly 
hairwashing may be necessary, but if not so exposed, longer in- 
tervals would be better. 

103 



104 THE HAIR 

For it must not be forgotten that daily washing, douching 
and rubbing the scalp, unless made necessary by the afore men- 
tioned conditions, would be very detrimental to the growth of 
the hair. In fact, many persons lose their hair through this 
foolish practice alone, for they neglect not only to dry their hair 
and scalp thoroughly, but forget likewise to return to their scalp 
the needful fat which the soap and water have withdrawn from 
it, leaving the hair dry, brittle and liable to break off at the least 
mechanical injury. 

Both children and adults should have their hair washed 
with Hebras Tincture of Alkaline Soap, green soap or Castile 
soap. This variety of soap contains little or no acid and causes 
the least injury to the hair. 

The best method of washing the hair is given in Section 2. 
The question of how often the scalp should be washed is fre- 
quently asked. It is different in every individual case, depending 
upon whether much oil or pomade is used or not. 

Many people have so little activity of the sweat glands, so 
little scaling, use oil or pomade so rarely, that the daily use of 
brush and comb proves amply sufficient to keep their scalp in 
thorough order. With these people washing the scalp seems un- 
necessary. 

When hair oil or pomade has been used regularly the con- 
dition is quite different. 

For such cases washing or shampooing the hair is a neces- 
sity, all the more when it is combined with scaling and itching of 
the scalp. 



HYGIENE OF THE HAIR 105 

The most effective and generally approved method on ac- 
count of its small expense, great simplicity and its rapid operation 
is indicated in the following section. 

Section 2 

Washing the Hair 

A tablespoonful of the tincture of alkaline soap (Hebras) 
is poured into the hollow of the hand and rubbed thoroughly into 
the hair. This is immediately followed by a tablespoonful or 
two of quite warm water, which with the soap creates a foam or 
lather. If this quantity should not be sufficient to cover the scalp 
entirely, another half tablespoonful of the soap and water should 
be used, forming an abundance of foamy lather, which, after 
being rubbed into every, part of the scalp, is allowed from 5 to 10 
minutes to penetrate every hair of the head. „ 

It is prudent to cover the foamy head with a towel during the 
interval. In the meantime hot water as well as six or eight fluffy, 
old, spongelike towels, heated to a comfortable temperature, must 
be prepared ready for use. When the 10 minutes during which 
the soap has had time to penetrate every part of the hair and 
scalp and soften the topmost layer of the skin have expired, 
plenty of hot water is poured over the foamy head and by vigor- 
ous rubbing made to wash the lather away. One quart after an- 
other should be used, particularly with ladies, to cleanse the 
scalp thoroughly, for soapy hair will never dry nor feel comfort- 
able on the head. 



106 THE HAIR 

After all the water has been used and no soap is left behind, 
the hot towels should be used one by one until the hair is per- 
fectly dry. The heat of the towels will help to evaporate the 
moisture quickly; being soft and spongy, they absorb the water 
more rapidly, so that after 5 minutes or at the most 10 minutes 
gentle rubbing, the longest and densest crop of hair will be dry 
and ready to be dressed once more. To make quite certain 
that no vestige of moisture is left behind, a tablespoonful of 
Cologne Water could be used either by hand or by spray; when 
this has been rubbed into the parts of the head still remaining 
damp, it will be found that they will dry immediately. 

A little oil, pure, unperfumed olive oil, should now be ap- 
plied to the hair which, after such a thorough shampooing, is 
apt to become very dry. 

Those of my patients who have tried this method never use 
any other, for it is thoroughly satisfactory and can be accom- 
plished in 15 or 20 minutes. 

Section 3 
Combs and Brushes 

While it is wise to use only the softer kind of brushes for 
infants, because they will not produce irritation or tenderness of 
the scalp, for adults, male and female, a hard brush is better, 
though in some cases a soft one may be preferable. 

When choosing a brush, take one which has long bristles in 
the centre and shorter ones on the circumference. The bristles 



HYGIENE OF THE HAIR 107 

should stand in bunches, not too close together; and in each 
bunch the middle ones should be longer than those surrounding 
them. 

When the bristles are thus separated and arranged, it will 
be easier to penetrate the hair with them and reach down to the 
scalp proper, which needs brushing even more than the hair, 
since most of the impurities are lying upon it. 

The comb should be large, with teeth wide apart; a fine 
comb should never be used on the normal scalp; they are only 
necessary for the removal of vermin and nits. 

After the comb has been used to separate the hair into 
strands the brush must be forcibly drawn through, in such a way 
that there ought to be a certain feeling of pleasant warmth upon 
the scalp without the least sensation of soreness. 

Thus the hair will be cleaned as it should be and the scales 
removed from the scalp. 

For finishing the dressing of the hair, a softer brush might 
be used for the purpose of smoothing it and giving it more gloss. 
A soft brush is also to be recommended whenever there is ten- 
derness or soreness of the scalp. The comb, coarse and with 
teeth set wide apart and dull pointed, will go easily through the 
most luxuriant crop of hair without pulling and tearing the hairs 
from their bulbs. 

A fine comb is used by many people who believe that the finer 
the comb is, the finer it cleans. This is a mistake. The cleaning 
is far better accomplished by the brush, which does not injure 



108 THE HAIR 

the scalp ; while the fine comb, so often employed to remove scales 
and dandruff, irritates the scalp and instead of improving only 
increases the trouble. 

Combs and brushes should be kept scrupulously clean and 
washed at least once a week in warm water to which some am- 
monia, one teaspoonful to a quart of water, has been added. 

Section 4 
Style of Wearing the Hair 

The style of wearing the hair, whether it should be al- 
lowed to grow long or be cut short, has given rise to much 
discussion. There are those who advocate the preservation of 
hair as an ornament as well as a natural protection to the head, 
and point to the female sex whose hair, being allowed to grow 
to any length, does not fall out nearly as much as the hair of 
men wearing it short. 

The opposition maintains that to cut the hair short stimu- 
lates it to denser and more vigorous growth, particularly where 
it was thin and unhealthy in appearance. Furthermore, they 
say that the hair worn short can be more easily kept clean, etc. 

It is certainly preferable to allow small children until the 
age when they begin to attend school, to wear their hair long; 
but as soon as the school time has arrived, it would be better to 
cut it and keep it short in order to permit thorough ablutions, 
thus preventing the invasion of vermin. 

As far as men are concerned, it depends a great deal upon 
their occupation whether short or long hair is preferable. We 



HYGIENE OF THE HAIR 109 

occasionally see artists, especially musicians, painters and the like, 
wearing their hair long, and there is no reason why they should 
not do so, if they prefer it, as long as their scalp is normal and 
needs no treatment. 

Those employed in industrial pursuits and younger men in 
general, all those who are fond of sport, have for a long time 
been accustomed to keep their hair trimmed short and it is to be 
recommended for reasons of cleanliness. The notion that keep- 
ing the hair short makes it more vigorous and produces a fuller 
supply of it has long been proven to be false, though the contrary 
is often maintained. Cutting the hair too often exhausts the 
generating bulb. 

Airing the hair by keeping it uncovered is supposed to add 
vigor to it and make it healthy; alas and alack, the causes of 
good and bad hair are not dependent upon the admission of air 
to the scalp ; it is more often the stomach, the liver, the digestion 
and normal or abnormal assimilation of food, the nerve centres, 
the whole organism in fact, which supply a healthy growth of 
hair or destroy it, according to their normal or abnormal con- 
dition. 

As far as woman's hair is concerned, one thing must be 
mentioned before anything else. No woman with thin, poor hair, 
and inclination to congestion and headache, should wear false 
hair upon her head. 

These conditions would only be aggravated by wearing pads 
and rats, braids and other arrangements, no matter whether 
they are bought or made up from one's own hair. The pulling 



110 THE HAIR 

and straining that they occasion, the dust they collect, increase 
not only the congestion and headaches, but deteriorate the al- 
ready scanty supply of hair. 

Where the above objections do not exist, there is no valid 
reason to disapprove of a moderate amount of false hair, to 
adapt it to the prevailing style of hats worn. 

Physicians have no right to oppose women who desire to 
improve their appearance, and if their esthetic views do not agree 
with ours on all occasions, we should not interfere as long as the 
laws of health are not broken. 

Heavy braids placed on top of the head, heavy combs and 
pins, or any other ornaments, whether they serve as fasteners of 
the braids or a decoration, should not be used too liberally. 
When all these things, including hairpins, are removed from a 
lady's head, they often amount to many ounces in weight, are 
apt to tear the hair and weigh heavily upon the scalp. 

This should be avoided whenever possible. 

To dress the hair in any direction except in that in which 
it leaves its follicle, is of course injurious. All hairdressing to be 
recommendable, must be done in such a manner that the hair is 
not pulled in an opposite direction from that in which it grows. 

Section 5 

Hats. 

Soft hats of little weight permeable to air are healthier for 
both summer and winter than heavy, stiff hats. Even the stiff 
straw hats which are often heavier than "stovepipe hats," the 



HYGIENE OF THE HAIR 111 

heavy caps worn so much lately by boys and young men, are a 
most improper summer headgear. The worst style of hat for 
men, however, is the silk hat which seems to continue to flourish 
in spite of its silly shape and uncomfortable qualities. 

Those who firmly believe in the danger of tight-fitting hats 
shutting off the blood supply to the hair bulbs, starving the hair 
and eventually causing it to drop out, need only to point to the 
deep furrow which the wearing of this hat causes upon forehead 
and scalp, to prove this assertion. Of course, this pressure has 
only little effect upon the blood supply in a healthy body, but it 
may be of some importance in cases of diseased arteries, sclerosis, 
anaemic conditions, etc. ; these people will notice a continual sen- 
sation of coldness on the compressed portion of their heads and 
should take this as a warning to remove the pressure. But even 
the perfectly healthy man should not think of keeping a stiff, 
firm hat upon his head when traveling or taking long walks. 

Women frequently obey the laws of fashion by selecting 
hats of enormous size and considerable weight. Even if they 
hardly ever interfere with the blood supply directly, indirectly 
these hats prove themselves of considerable detriment to the hair 
supply. 

First of all these hats of giant size necessitate a large amount 
of padding which is done with false hair or other substitutes and 
must be firmly fastened to the hair of the owner by numerous 
hairpins. Also in order to hold these large hats firmly upon the 
head, it is necessary to pin them with large hatpins to the hair 
and in case of windy weather the force exerted upon their broad 



112 THE HAIR 

brims is considerable. Then as the hair has to withstand the 
pulling of hat and brim combined, a considerable amount of hair 
will come out at the next combing, having been loosened and torn 
from its follicle by the force of the wind. 

It would be in vain to preach against the dictates of fashion, 
but a warning of the consequences, when they are followed too 
closely without regard to the evil results, ought to be permissible. 

Whenever there is a small supply of hair, the choice should 
fall upon a less cumbersome style of hat and fortunately, no 
matter what the fashion may be, there is always a choice and a 
chance for the reasonable one to escape the most extravagant and 
most dangerous excesses of Madame la Mode. 

Section 6 
Massage of the Scalp 

Massage has a most beneficial influence upon the normal 
skin and therefore upon the scalp, especially in certain conditions, 
by ridding it of the epidermic debris which encumber it, and by 
rendering the skin more supple and its respiration easier. 

Far from recommending the indiscriminate massage of the 
scalp as it is indulged in by ladies and gentlemen in this country 
for no reason or complaint, who thereby lose a great many hairs 
which should be left undisturbed, I shall explain in the following 
lines what massage of the scalp means and how and when it 
should be applied. 

Experiments made by Fioco and Locatelli in 1902 proved 
that massage had the faculty of hastening organic changes and 



MASSAGE OF THE SCALP 113 

increasing the circulation of the epidermis. It probably has the 
effect of developing the horny layer of the skin and a special 
influence upon the nervous system, which renders massage an ex- 
cellent agent for curing pruritus so often complained of in dis- 
eases of the scalp. 

There are varieties of massage which the patient can carry 
out himself, if it must be, but on principle, it must be said, 
that all massage, no matter how easy it may seem to apply it, 
is a delicate operation which can do harm when it is badly exe- 
cuted, and which is more effective if the person applying it is 
expert in this treatment, has the most supple, thinnest fingers, 
pays the closest attention to the work and possesses more of that 
electric fluid, if we may call it so, which patients who have had 
perfect massage applied to themselves best know how to appre- 
ciate. 

Of all varieties of massage suitable for application to the 
scalp, the movement massage is most important and most bene- 
ficial. It consists of placing the fingers of one or both hands upon 
a particular place and, without quitting the same, to execute for- 
ward and backward movements, backward and forward from 
side to side in a manner to move the integument over the deeper 
layers of the skin and to render it thereby more flexible. These 
simple manoeuvres, which patients can readily learn to carry out 
themselves, are an excellent means of arresting the beginning bald- 
ness and atrophy of the scalp. 

This form of massage is often combined with the form 
which I shall describe next. 



114 THE HAIR 

Pressure massage consists of pressing and squeezing the skin 
between the thumb and index finger of one hand, or between the 
two thumbs, with sufficient force to squeeze out all the contents 
from the conduits of the sweat and sebaceous glands. 

These manoeuvres employed day after day by the patients 
themselves often end in their infecting themselves, because proper 
care is not taken. This variety of massage is of great help in 
seborrhoea oleosa or oily seborrhoea and in seborrhoea sicca or 
dry seborrhoea, commonly called dandruff. It should be prac- 
tised upon the scalp by taking up the skin between two thumbs 
and taking care not to pull too much upon the hair roots. After- 
wards the scalp should be rubbed with some pomade, or with 
Hoffmann's Anodyne, or Acetone; or best of all, there should 
be a thorough shampooing of the entire scalp. 

Friction massage is another form of treating the scalp for 
some troubles. It may either be soft or hard and may be given 
in one direction or forward and backward, either slow in move- 
ment or rapid. This is more of a rubbing than a massage effect, 
but it is proved to be of benefit in cases of threatening or re- 
cently acquired baldness; its good results being the stimulation 
and reawakening of the sensibility of the skin. ' 

If it is used for the purpose of reducing congestion of the 
integument, as we have it in seborrhoea and its complications, the 
rubbing is done in parallel, slightly converging lines. This form 
of massage may be carried out with vigor and the use of great 
pressure upon the scalp, either for the purpose of getting an effect 
upon the deeper vascular region or the superficial, the dermicor 



MASSAGE OF THE SCALP 115 

epidermic layer of the skin. When this friction massage is un- 
dertaken with considerable violence, the ball of the thumb is 
employed; ordinarily index, middle and ring finger in close con- 
tact serve very well to apply a soft, pliant, resisting, intelligent 
massage. 

Some professional masseurs employ pads of chamois leather 
or some other soft leather, impregnated with some oily, greasy 
substance; but far better seems to be the use of the finger tips. 
These should, after thorough aseptic cleansing, be dipped into 
fresh odorless coldcream; this is far superior to vaseline, which 
sticks to the fingers and prevents their gliding lightly over the 
surface that is being treated. 

These are the only varieties of massage, executed by the 
finger, suitable and permissible in treating diseases of the hair 
and scalp. 

A very simple method for those who have neither time nor 
means to employ massage, at least in cases where energetic treat- 
ment is recommended, consists in the following proceeding: 

The spread fingers of one hand are inserted into the hair, 
grasping it about one half inch above the scalp, and pulling it 
with considerable force. The hair is then taken up together, the 
right hand taking hold of the entire mass by the lower end, lift- 
ing it over the elevated left forearm which is held above the 
head, and by pulling it vigorously by jerks the scalp is lifted from 
the underlying cranial bones. This exercise is most beneficial 
to the growth and improvement of ladies' hair. While it loosens 
some of the hair which is near the time for falling out, it never 



116 THE HAIR 

affects the normal growing hair. Besides this, the lifting of the 
scalp stimulates the blood c ; rrulation more than any other method 
known. 

Cleanliness in massai >t of the scalp is most important; the 
hands and finger nails (wm'ch must be cut short) should first be 
thoroughly scrubbed with soap and hot water, alcohol and ben- 
zine. The scalp also should be previously washed, as the lack 
of cleanliness may cause pui formation, furnuncles and similar 
affections of the skin. 



FOREWORD TO CHAPTER VIII 

It may seem strange to the reader that a chapter on food is 
added to the preceding ones on diseases of the scalp, but a few 
introductory remarks will explain *he reason. 

The growth of hair depends entirely upon the blood supply. 

Anaemic, sclerotic, exhausted, ill-nourished people will grow 
no hair while their condition is below normal. 

Those who have undergone severe operations, as appendi- 
citis, amputation and such, cannot expect to grow hair nor keep 
the amount of hair they have until their blood supply has reached 
its former level. 

To make blood, food is needed; food in proper amount and 
proper quality. 

To demonstrate further the great importance of proper 
food and particularly of the proper manner of eating it, I give 
the latest statistics that have been established under the super- 
vision of a famous dermatologist, Dr. Lucien Jacques, of the 
Saint-Antoine Hospital of Paris. 

Dr. Jacques requested his assistant, Dr. Henri Bulliard, 
some time in 1910 to observe all the patients whom he would 
send to him complaining of abnormal hair loss without showing 
evidences of disease of the scalp sufficient to account for such loss 

of hair. 

117 



118 THE HAIR 

These patients were to be watched and their habits scruti- 
nized for two years. 

The result of these careful and painstaking observations 
have just been published in a volume of 400 pages. 

A careful perusal and resume establishes the fact that every 
one of the 71 patients observed, who had consulted Dr. Jacques 
for great loss of hair, suffered from gastro-intestinal disorders. 

The majority of them ate too fast, not chewing their food, 
nor mixing it with the salivary secretions. 

They also ate too often ; they drank alcohol with their meals 
in excess, or indulged in copious draughts of tisanes, or tea or 
coffee. 

They read books or papers while eating, occupying their 
mind when all their attention should have been given to masti- 
cating properly. 

All these 71 patients received treatment for alimentary 
troubles only and their indigestion having been overcome, their 
injurious habits corrected, the hair loss ceased to be abnormal, 
new hair grew, and the general health improved. 

The chapter on food will aid you to make blood rapidly and 
of good quality. 



i 



CHAPTER VIII 
on food in general and specialy for the growth of hair 

Section 1 
Food in General 

To understand correctly what food represents for the human 
body, it is practical to think of an engine and its boiler. To 
generate force and heat the boiler must be fed with combustibles. 
The more readily these burn up, the quicker and more intense is 
the heat and power produced. So it is with the human body. Our 
stomach is the boiler. The indigestible parts of the food and 
those portions which leave the body by way of the bowels, rep- 
resent the ashes and clinkers. 

To compute more easily the amount of food a human being 
requires, old, young or middle-aged, feeble or strong, active or 
inactive, or very, active, we have a unit measure called calories 
which represent a unit of food necessary to repair waste of tissue, 
to keep up the temperature of the body at 98^>° Fahrenheit and 
to create force and energy enough to carry on the daily tasks. 

I will not go into particulars as to proteids, nitrogenous 
foods and fats, the three necessary substances contained in the 
food and which are part and parcel of the different constituents 
of our anatomy and are needed to replace whatever portion of 

it that has been used up. 

119 



120 THE HAIR 

The mechanical method of assimilating food consists in its 
mastication, the mixing of it with the saliva, which is secreted in 
large quantities by the salivary glands by the act of placing food 
in the mouth, by the moving of the jaws, and also by the stimula- 
tion of the gustatory nerve ; further, by the deglutition of food by 
swallowing and its entrance into the stomach, which is merely a 
receptacle for the food in which it is churned, mixed, macerated 
and thrown about, finally dissolved by the juices running freely 
from the walls of the stomach. 

Very little of the material entering the stomach is absorbed 
by its walls; except alcohol, a little water, a few medicines and 
perhaps milk heated to the temperature of the blood and taken 
into the stomach when it does not contain a particle of food. 
(Bulkley's method, see below.) 

After churning steadily, an ordinary meal, without such ac- 
cessories as cheese, pudding, coffee, etc., would leave the stomach 
in from 4 to 5 hours, while any mixtures as those just mentioned* 
and, of course, some other foods difficult to digest, may delay 
this process 2 to 3 hours. 

The food, having been forced from the stomach by rhythmic 
contraction, now enters in fluid form the duodenum, a short canal 
of nine inches in length, there to be mixed with the juices from 
the gall bladder as well as from the pancreas, necessary to further 
its digestion. These juices emulsify the fatty particles of the 
food, change the starch into sugar, and by their presence prevent 
putrefaction in the intestines. 

Innumerable lymphatic vessels run along the intestines. 



FOOD 121 

which are some thirty-six feet in length, and take up all the use- 
ful particles from the chyme flowing along the intestines and 
carry it with them to the liver, where they are turned into life- 
sustaining blood. 

Whatever is indigestible or undigested remains in the 
bowels and leaves them in the form of fecal matter after an 
excess of water has been taken up by the large intestines. After 
this brief explanation of the digestive process, I shall explain in 
the following section the most important functions of the food 
we are accustomed to take. 

Section 2 
Water 

As the human body is two-thirds of its weight water, it is 
easily understood that water is a very important part of the food 
supply. It is an almost universal solvent and for that reason 
alone is indispensable. 

The muscles, cartilages, tendons and bones owe their pli- 
ability and elasticity to water. From GS to 90 ounces (5 pints) 
of water are required daily by. a healthy man. 

Part of this is taken as an ingredient of solid food. The 
manner in which our body uses this quantity is about this: 28 
per cent of it is eliminated by the skin, 20 per cent by the lungs, 
50 per cent by or through the kidneys. 

Most of this water is, of course, taker oy people in the 
shape of beverages containing it. and b} many these beverages 
are substituted for plain w r ater alto^tther. 



122 THE HAIR 

In some countries light wines, beer and other fermented 
drinks replace water entirely. 

The most common error in daily diet is the neglect to drink 
water in sufficient quantities. To show by a few examples how 
important water is to the human economy, note the following 
uses to which it is put in our bodies.. Prof, W. Gilman Thompson 
says: 

First, it enters into chemical composition of the tissues. 

Second, it forms the chief ingredient of all the fluids of the 
body and maintains their proper degree of dilution. 

Third, it prevents friction and uncomfortable symptoms 
which might result from their drying, by moistening various 
surfaces of the body, such as mucous membranes (mouth), 
serous membranes (lungs), eyelids, etc. 

Fourth, it furnishes the fluid medium in blood and lymph by 
which food can be taken to remote parts of the body and waste 
material carried off, thus helping rapid tissue changes. 

Fifth, it serves as a distributor of body heat. 

Sixth, it regulates the temperature of the body (perspira- 
tion) by absorption and evaporation. 

Seventh, taking water into the stomach; one or two tumblers 
of cold water in the morning on an empty stomach greatly favors 
the evacuation of the bowels. Water being quickly absorbed in- 
creases the filling of blood-vessels which in turn stimulates the 
intestinal secretion ; hence the activity of the lower bowels when 
water is taken on an empty stomach. Lukewarm water when ; 
about 90° Fahrenheit is an excellent emetic. Boiled water is 



FOOD 123 

antiseptic and antifermentative. The flat taste of boiled water 
may be rectified by pouring it slowly from one vessel, through 
the air, into another, or by shaking it in a carafe. If taken 2 to 
3 hours after meals, it will assist digestion by diluting the con- 
tents of the stomach. Two and a half to four pints of water 
ought to be the daily average for an adult to consume. Copious 
draughts of water are not fattening except by promoting tissue 
changes. Hot water, as hot as can be sipped, quenches the thirst 
much better than cold. 

Salt has no force-producing power, but is necessary for the 
formation of tissue, bones and teeth. 

Section 3 

Animal Foods 

§ 1. Milk 

Milk, eggs, meat, fish, gelatine and fats are classed under 
the head of animal food, and their most important characteristics, 
their value as food and force producers, will be briefly explained. 

Milk is the most valuable of all foods. One pint of milk is 
equal in nutritious value to 6 ounces of meat. Milk alone, how- 
ever, is not sufficient to supply an adult with nourishment in cases 
of severe illness, as Bright's disease of the kidneys, Tuberculosis, 
Anaemia, etc. Milk is recommended as a partial diet to the 
extent of half the amount of daily food consumed. 

Infants for the first two years, children suffering from in- 
fectious diseases, typhoid fever patients, patients suffering from 



124 THE HAIR 

acute diseases of the kidneys, chronic gastric catarrh, gastric 
ulcers, and neurasthenic patients, will do well on an exclusive 
milk diet. 

While one pint of milk unwatered (whole milk) has a food 
value of 325 calories or one pound, 

One pound of cheese has. . . . 1965 calories. 

One pound of butter. 3605 

One pound of beef sirloin. . . 1040 

One pound of salt pork 3715 

One pound of chicken 325 

One pound of cornmeal 1645 

One pound of oatmeal 1860 

One pound of beans 1590 

One pound of apples 255 

One pound of turnips 135 

One pound of potatoes 325 

One pound of beets 170 

Furthermore, milk is frequently altered by adding pure or 
impure water to it, or coloring matter, or preservatives, thicken- 
ing substances (flour). 

The most important uses of milk, however, are the following: 
As a food for infants and adults; a source of special food 
products as Koumiss, cream, butter and cheese. It may also be 
given hot to loosen a cough; it soothes the bowels; it mixes well 
with many foods, cereals, bread, etc. It serves as a vehicle for 
many remedies. It makes a healthy beverage when mixed with 



FOOD 125 

vichy or seltzer water for invalids and gouty people, and is the 
best ingredient for rectal feeding of the very sick. 

The methods most in use for improving the digestibility of 
milk are : skimming, boiling, diluting with aerated water, or with 
starchy food. 

Prof. Duncan Buckley of this city recommends for anaemic 
and weak people the following method of taking milk, which I 
have myself used in my practice hundreds of times with great 
success: One hour before a meal, when the stomach should be 
absolutely empty, a glass of milk heated to a temperature of 
100° F. is to be taken in slow sips without a morsel of food of 
any kind or addition of anything whatever. He explains con- 
vincingly how at the empty state of the stomach (the alkaline 
stage), the milk when ingested is not mixed with the acid gastric 
juice, is not churned like other food, but is taken up by the lymph 
vessels and carried by the thoracic duct into the subclavian vein 
and thus reaches the blood to be oxidized by the lungs before it 
is submitted to the liver for its action. 

The most various and difficult class of patients has been 
subjected to this experiment with often marvelous results. The 
only difficulty there is with carrying out this wonderful method 
of quick blood making is the silliness and obstinacy of the patient 
who is to be benefited. Either a morsel of bread is added to the 
milk or a cracker is eaten with it, or an egg or whiskey put in it, 
all this contrary to the rule which is to take nothing but the milk, 
as the least addition to it or presence of any food whatever in 
the stomach causes it to contract, churn and pour out gastric 



126 THE HAIR 

juice, which prevents the milk being absorbed as intended. 
Other ways of using milk will be found in cook-books or are 
mentioned in the food tablets following. 

§2. Cheese 
Cheese is made of the casein of milk and forms a highly 
nutritious food. Where meat is scarce and expensive the poor 
consume large quantities of it and keep in good condition. 
Many are the varieties of cheese, hard and soft, rich and poor 
(made without fat). The flavor of cheese depends upon its 
being made from whole or skimmed milk. Cream cheese, 
Roquefort, Edam, Cheshire, Camembert, Emmenthaler and 
Swiss cheese are all similar, containing about 70 — 80 per cent 
fat and are very nutritious when they can be digested. 

§3. Cream 
Cream, the fat of milk, is one of the most wholesome, as 
well as agreeable foods in the form of fat. When taken too rich 
it may disorder the digestion, while diluted with equal parts of 
water or preferably lime-water, it is easily borne by the stomach. 
Those who are inclined to flatulency, obesity, gallstones and 
gastric disorders should avoid cream, while those who suffer from 
exhaustive illness and tuberculosis or suppurating diseases of the 
joints will be greatly benefited by its use. 

§4. Butter 
Butter which is made of the cream of milk is one of the 
most nourishing foods, and when taken with other foods, as 
bread, hot toast, is digested readily by the weakest stomach. 



FOOD 127 

§5. Eggs 

Invalids and delicate persons should have fresh eggs only. 
To test their freshness, hold the egg between the eye and a 
candle; if the light penetrates the centre of the egg, it is fresh; 
if it is more transparent at the ends, it is stale. Or, put two 
ounces of common salt into a pint of water; when an egg is one 
day old it will sink when placed in this brine, but will not go to 
the bottom; an egg three days old will barely float beneath the 
surface, and one a fortnight old will float above the surface, only 
partially dipping beneath it. This difference is due partly to loss 
of water, partly to development of gases of putrefaction in the 

egg- 

Eggs are a useful addition to a highly concentrated diet, 
particularly in wasting diseases, as tuberculosis. Some patients 
digest easily from 8 to 12 eggs a day. Added to milk, salt, cod- 
liver oil, bouillon, soups, etc., they may prove of great advantage 
to such patients. 

It makes a great difference whether raw or cooked eggs are 
eaten, the first digesting in XYi hours, the latter requiring ZYi to 
4 hours. 

As the egg contains all the necessary ingredients to support 
life, it proves an important item for our daily diet. 

§6. Meats 

Too much meat is eaten in this country by many people, to 
the injury of their health. While Germans consume 69, French 
74, English 105 pounds of meat per capita annually, Americans 



128 THE HAIR 

use 120 pounds. Consumptives and those suffering from dys- 
pepsia, diabetes, chronic gastritis, obesity, flatulency, would be 
benefited by a meat diet ; the healthy normal man gets along very 
well with very little meat. Raw meat is at present very much in 
favor, but it soon becomes distasteful to most people, palling 
upon their appetite and often excites positive loathing. Young 
meat is better than old, but all meat is toughest immediately after 
killing. 

Here follows a list of meats arranged by Prof. Thompson 
according to their digestibility: 

Oysters, soft boiled eggs, sweetbreads, white fish (boiled or 
broiled), such as bluefish, shad, weakfish, smelts; — chicken, 
boiled or broiled, lean roast beef, or eggs scrambled, omelette, 
mutton roasted or boiled; — squabs and partridge, bacon crisp, 
roast fowl, chicken, capon, turkey, boiled; — tripe, brains, liver, 
roast lamb, chops, mutton or lamb, corned beef, veal, ham, duck, 
snipe, venison, rabbit, game, salmon, mackerel, herring, roast 
goose, lobster and crabs, pork, smoked, dried or pickled fish and 
meats in general. Furthermore : 

Beef, raw or chopped fine, will take 2 hours to digest. 

Beef, half done, will take 2^ hours to digest. 

Beef, well done, will take 3 hours to digest. 

Beef, thoroughly roasted, will take 4 hours to digest. 

Mutton, raw, will take 2 hours to digest. 

Veal, cooked, will take 2^ hours to digest. 

Pork, cooked, will take 3 hours to digest. 



FOOD 129 

Beef tea is of little value as a food if not properly prepared. 
Tender, raw meat should be cut into small pieces ]A inch thick, 
macerated in cold water for 5 or 6 hours. Water in the pro- 
portion of 1 pint to 1 pound of meat, must then be added, ten 
drops of hydrochloric acid put in and this solution heated grad- 
ually to 106° F., which should take from 15 to 30 minutes. This 
is best done by putting the vessel containing it into another larger 
one holding boiling water. Before using, the fat floating on the 
surface should be removed, as it looks unappetizing. A crust of 
bread dipped beneath the surface will remove the floating fat. 
If not very nutritious, beef tea thus prepared is at least a pleas- 
ant stimulant to the stomach and nervous system. The most 
serious objection to preparing good beef tea is the length of time 
it takes. 

Beef tongue is very tender, but on account of its rich supply 
of fat is not easily digested by delicate stomachs. 

Tripe, made from the thin stomach of the cow, when tender 
and well cooked is easy to digest, but somewhat too fat. 

Heart is sometimes eaten, but is tough and tasteless. 



§7. Veal 

Veal when taken from animals killed too young is tough, 
pale in color and dry, therefore indigestible. It contains more 
gelatine than beef and differs from it in flavor. As a general 
rule, dyspeptic people should avoid veal as well as lamb. 



130 THE HAIR 

§8. Mutton 

In this country the supply of mutton is not the best, and 
very often it is found to be exceedingly tough and stringy and 
quite difficult of digestion. 

§9. Liver and Kidney 

These are oftener eaten than any other viscera; they are 
only fairly nutritious. When "deviled" or stewed with rich 
sauces they are very indigestible. 

Sweetbreads consist of the pancreas of the calf; this is a 
large gland situated near and partly around the stomach. It is 
tender and digestible and is a pleasant food. 

§10. Fowl 

Chicken is famous for being the most digestible meat 
cooked, broiled, roasted or boiled. The white meat is to be pre- 
ferred to the dark, although the latter has the better flavor. 

Turkey and capon are less easily digested than chicken. 

Ducks and geese are often too fat for easy digestion, but 
they make a fine food when young and properly prepared. 

Squabs are good food and the breast of a roast squab may 
be offered to a sick person before any other meat whatever. 

§11. Ham and Bacon 

Bacon and ham can be more easily digested than pork. 

They are much prescribed in Carlsbad and other similar mineral 

springs as an article of diet for those who suffer from gastric 

disturbances. Particularly the smoked ham seems better adapted 



FOOD 131 

and is universally recognized as one of the wholesomest forms 
of meat. "Whether boiled or raw it seems, as a rule, to be more 
easily digested by weak stomachs than almost any other meat." 
Bacon should be broiled and crisp and be friable or easily 
broken into small bits. 

§12. Lamb 

Good lamb is expensive, and, as that is the only kind to be 
recommended, it is well for invalids and those with sensitive 
stomachs to try to do without it. 

§13. Venison 

Venison should not be eaten when too old, although the 
idea prevails that it is then more easily digested. It is very 
similar in its composition to lean beef. 

§14. Pork 

Pork, although a tender-fibred meat, is particularly difficult 
of digestion on account of the great quantity of fat it contains. 
Pork ribs are 40% fat. 

Section 4 

Vegetable Foods 

§1. Sugar 

There are many varieties of sugar, as cane sugar, grape- 
sugar, glucose, fruit sugar and sugar of milk. They differ in 
sweetness and digestibility. 



132 THE HAIR 

When used as food they have the same value as starches 
which later have to be converted into sugar before being assimi- 
lated in the body. 

They are an excellent food, giving energy and heat and fat- 
tening the body, but when starches or fats are eaten they are 
superfluous. 

Experiments in the German and English armies have 
proved that a liberal allowance of sugar in the diet tends during 
manoeuvers to maintain strength, lessen hunger and thirst and 
prevent exhaustion. Its pleasant taste makes it a favorite food, 
as it pleases the palate better than starches. 

On account of its antiseptic and preservative power it is 
much used in the business of preserving fruits. Sugar is quickly 
dissolved in the stomach and gives no trouble to the digestive 
organs. 

Many people acquire an inordinate fondness for sugar, but 
continuous overindulgence in this food causes flatulent dyspepsia, 
constipation and other disorders of nutrition. 

§2. Cereals 

The cereals most in use are products of wheat, corn, rice, 
rye, barley, oats and buckwheat, which are manufactured into 
flours and meals. 

According to Atwater's tables the percentage of starch in 
vegetable-food is as follows: 



FOOD • 133 

Wheat bread 55.5 Potatoes 21.3 

Wheat flour 75.6 Sweet potatoes 21.1 

Graham flour 71.8 Turnips 6.9 

Rye flour 78.7 Carrots 10.1 

Buckwheat flour 77.6 Cabbage 6.2 

Beans 57.4 Melons 2.5 

Oatmeal 68.1 Apples 14.3 

Cornmeal 71.0 Pears 16.3 

Rice 79.4 Bananas 23.3 



§3. Bread 

The most important bread in use, both from the standpoint 
of its nutritive value and the quantity, is made of wheat flour. 

Bread made from good flour should be porous, but not 
filled with large holes, and should have the proper consistency 
and firmness to allow of its being cut in thin slices. 

Tough, moist, imperfectly baked bread or hot bread may 
excite fermentation in the stomach, causing heartburn and other 
symptoms of dyspepsia. Such bread may be rendered more di- 
gestible by heating it, in order to get rid of the moisture. By 
toasting, bread is made easier of digestion; buttered toast, par- 
ticularly when the butter is spread on the toast while it is still 
hot, is excellent food for invalids. The butter enables one to 
eat more bread in this form. Milk toast for the same reason is 
an admirable means of giving milk to patients unable to drink it. 

Graham bread contains the outer coating of the wheat 



134 THE HAIR 

kernel, called bran. It acts as a laxative by irritating the mucous 
membrane of the intestines. 

Gluten bread is made from gluten flour, is useful for 
diabetic patients and those afflicted with constipation. It keeps 
fresh much longer than wheat bread, and if well made is whole- 
some and easily digested. 

Crackers are nutritious and very easily digested. Water 
crackers made of water and flour, milk crackers made of milk 
and flour, are the simplest. 

§4. Corn 
Corn is much in use in its preparations, hominy, cornmeal, 
cracked corn, etc. It is a wholesome cereal and proves very 
fattening both to man and animals. 

§5. Rice 

Rice is the staple food for a majority of the world's in- 
habitants, although not so much in use in this country except in 
the South. It contains more starch, 79%, than any other cereal, 
is very digestible when properly cooked and is very nourishing. 

Containing no nitrogen, which the human system needs for 
its maintenance, rice cannot be relied upon without either meat 
or broth, or milk and butter being used with it. 

§6. Barley 
Barley as a food is mainly employed in the United States 
to thicken soup, although it is almost as nutritive as wheat. 
Barley water makes an excellent demulcent drink for children and 
invalids. 



FOOD 135 

§7. Oatmeal 

Oatmeal, made of oats which contain a considerable amount 
of fat, protein, salts and starch, have been used in Germany more 
than a thousand years, mostly in the form of "Hafergrutze," or 
oatmeal. Oatmeal gruel and porride are, however, extensively 
used in the United States. For those who can digest oatmeal 
well, it is one of the cheapest and most satisfying of foods. To 
be palatable it should be thoroughly cooked, which at the same 
time renders it more easy of digestion. 

§8. Vegetables and Greens 

Vegetables are not economical as a diet for a laboring man, 
for in order to get enough nutriment from them he has either to 
buy the very best and most expensive cereals and legumes, or else 
use such large quantities of them as to do away with all economy. 
The following vegetables are in common use and contain the 
greatest percentage of starch and sugar: 

Potatoes (white and sweet), beans, lentils, corn, peas, car- 
rots, parsnips, beets and turnips. Some vegetables are pungent 
in taste and stimulant in their action: leeks, onions, garlic, herbs 
in general, mustard, cresses, mints, asparagus and radishes. 
These increase the flow of saliva and the gastric juices, thereby 
improving digestion. 

Other vegetables prove laxative on account of their chemi- 
cal composition, as spinach, tomatoes, green vegetables when 
fresh and well cooked. Cucumbers and corn aid the peristaltic 
action of the bowels by their seeds and residue. 



136 THE HAIR 

§9. Legumes 

Among this class of vegetables, peas, beuns, lentils and pea- 
nuts rank next to cereals in importance. They are extensively 
eaten in this country with the exception of lentils. On account 
of the toughness of their envelope when old, lentils must be 
cooked for a long time to make them digestible and it is advis- 
able to soak them in cold water previous to cooking, in order to 
render them easier of digestion. When fresh, they contain much 
water and need no soaking. They are best employed in soups, 
and if pork in some shape is cooked with them they gain much 
in food value. Peanuts, when thoroughly roasted, are very pal- 
atable, but indigestible. Peanut flour made of ground and 
bolted peanuts, contain per pound as much nutriment as three 
times that quantity of beef, or twice the same weight of peas. 

§10. Roots and Tubers 

This is a very important class of vegetable food, containing 
both starch and sugar. Some are very fattening and for this 
reason are avoided by the obese. 

Potatoes are the first in rank in this class. First, because 
they are easily cultivated in a great variety of soils, and secondly, 
on account of their digestibility when properly prepared. In 
Ireland and in the poorer districts of Germany this vegetable 
constitutes a large proportion of the daily food of the inhabitants. 
They are often made more nutritious by combining them with 
meat-broth, fat, butter and salt or buttermilk. The Germans 






FOOD 137 

employ potatoes in as many as forty different dishes, even cake 
is baked with potato flour, not to mention the different varieties 
of dumplings and salads. Potatoes should, however, be avoided 
by those whose digestive apparatus is out of order, unless they 
are freshly baked, perfectly mealy and crumble easily. New 
potatoes are never mealy, require more cooking and are less 
digestible than those of medium age. Sweet potatoes, while 
containing less starch than white ones, have more sugar. They 
are, however, often stringy and sodden and in this condition are 
hard to digest. 

Beets, when young and tender, are very nourishing and con- 
tain much sugar. When eaten in the form of salad with vinegar 
and oil, they make a useful variety in the diet. The succulent 
variety of tubers, such as carrots, parsnips, turnips and radishes, 
should be eaten young and fresh, otherwise they become dry and 
less palatable, and lose much of their nutritious quality. 

§11. Green Vegetables 

These contain little nutriment compared with cereals and 
tubers, but add a pleasing change to the diet. The fact that they 
contain as much as 90% (or more) of water makes them useful 
on that account. They have a better flavor when young; when 
old, they become stringy and tough. Persons of feeble digestion 
should avoid them entirely when they are not fresh and young, 
as they overtax the digestive system and irritate the alimentary 
canal. On the other hand, it must not be forgotten that on ac- 
count of their bulk they help to overcome constipation and pro- 



138 THE HAIR 

mote movements of the bowels. The most important of the 
green vegetables is the cabbage family, of which there are not 
less than seventy varieties. Some of the representatives of the 
cabbage family are cauliflower and seakale (English). Spinach, 
beet-tops, dandelion leaves, turnip-tops are all useful green vege- 
tables, but contain almost no nutriment. 

Lettuce is a type of vegetable of which the leaves are most 
often eaten raw. The favorite mode is to eat them as a salad 
with vinegar and oil. Their only nutriment consists of the oil 
which is added to them. 

Celery is a wholesome vegetable when cooked in milk until 
it is quite soft, but eaten raw, is of little value. 

Tomatoes are wholesome eaten with vinegar and oil. They 
also form a popular ingredient of strong condiments, such as 
tomato catsup, etc. They are much esteemed for canning, as 
they retain their original flavor better than any other vegetable. 

Artichokes, a variety of the thistle, contains tannin and 
mucilagenous matter, but have nothing nutrient in their compo- 
sition. 

Cucumbers are generally eaten raw with oil and vinegar, 
but on account of the large seeds they contain are very indigestible 
unless carefully prepared. When eaten raw they often cause 
colic and diarrhoea. 

Asparagus, a vegetable of delicate flavor and one of the 
first to appear in early spring, is a general favorite. It is easily 
digested when young, even by invalids. It has peculiar chemical 



FOOD 139 

properties, influencing kidney secretions. The notion that it has 
any influence upon the heart action or is a sedative, is imaginary. 

Rhubarb, also called "Pie-plant," is an excellent vegetable 
when stewed. The flavor being tart and the fibre stringy, cook- 
ing renders it soft and digestible. It has laxative properties and 
proves beneficial in chronic constipation. 

Pumpkins and squash contain much water and coarse fibre. 
When young and tender, squash is fairly digestible, but has no 
value as a food. 

Onions, garlic and leeks are eaten fresh, but are kept until 
they are dry and hard for flavoring salads, meats, stews, sauces, 
etc. They are of slightly more use than the last four or five 
vegetables mentioned, and when boiled with milk young leeks 
and onions make a very palatable and wholesome food. 

Cranberries are really more a fruit than a vegetable, but 
they are generally eaten with meat as a vegetable. They are 
serviceable for their agreeable acidity and flavor. To make them 
digestible, however, it is necessary on account of their tough 
coating to cook them very thoroughly. 

§12. Fruits 

In general, fruits contain mostly water, some starch, sugar, 
cellulose and acids. The most important acids are malic (apples, 
pears, peaches, apricots, currants, gooseberries), citric (lemons, 
limes and oranges), and tartaric (grapes). 

Among the least acid fruits are peaches, sweet pears, sweet 
apples, bananas and prunes. Moderately acid are strawberries. 



140 THE HAIR 

The most acid are lemons and currants. The uses and properties 
of fruits are as follows : 

1. To furnish nutriment. 

2. To convey water to the system and relieve thirst. 

3. To introduce various salts and organic acids, which im- 
prove the quality of blood and react favorably upon the 
secretions. 

4. As antiscorbutics. 

5. For their action upon the kidneys. 

6. As laxatives and cathartics. 

7. To stimulate the appetite, improve digestion and give 
variety to the diet. 

8. As special "cure" for certain diseases, like the grape 
cure, although their specific action is very doubtful. 

When to eat fruit. — Cooked fruit may be eaten with any 
meal. If people wish to have the medicinal effect of such fruit 
as figs or apples, they must be taken at bedtime upon an empty 
stomach or an hour before breakfast with a glass or two of cold 
water, and may be relied upon to have a very good effect upon 
the bowels. 

The poorest time to eat fruit is at the conclusion of a hearty 
meal, at which a considerable variety of food has already been 
consumed. 

Fruit eaten when it is out of season is, generally speaking, 
less wholesome. 

All fruits, such as berries, the seeds of which are eaten, are 
much less liable to produce irritation of the intestine when taken 



FOOD 141 

with bread or other bulky, starchy food. Skin and seeds of larger 
fruit are absolutely indigestible. 

Dried fruits can be eaten less abundantly than fresh fruits. 
Currants and citrons are entirely indigestible. Figs, however, or 
prunes, raisins, dates, etc., are wholesome and contain consider- 
able nourishment. 

The most digestible fruits are grapes, oranges, grape-fruit, 
lemons, cooked apples, figs, peaches, strawberries and rasp- 
berries; less digestible are melons, prunes, raw apples, pears, 
bananas and fresh currants. 



§13. Nuts 

The meat of nuts, except chestnuts and cocoanuts, contains 
50 times as much fat as wheat flour and has double the fuel 
value, i. e. } energy producing power. One pound of unshelled 
nuts will furnish the same amount of energy as one pound of 
flour. If nuts were not lacking in protein, they would make an 
ideal food. 

Almonds, although wholesome and nutritious, should not 
be eaten in cases of irritable stomach, but when digestion is un- 
usually slow, a few salted almonds during a meal will be bene- 
ficial. 

English walnuts are very rich in fat and nutritious on that 
account. They are also known to assist in overcoming constipa- 
tion when eaten liberally between meals. 



142 THE HAIR 

Section 5 

Fats and Oils 

One-fifth of the human body is fat, and no death from 
q starvation occurs until 9% of the fat has been consumed. 
Starches and sugars supply the body with most of this fat. 

The uses of fatty food are as follows: 

1. To furnish energy for the development of heat. 

2. To supply force. 

3. To serve as covering and protection for the body. 

4. To give rotundity to the human form. 

5. To save the tissue from disintegration. 

6. To serve as a storage for energy. 

Fat, when eaten, is not deposited again as fat in the tissues 
of the body, but goes through the regular process of digestion 
in producing force and heat. All fats and oils taken as food 
serve the same purpose. The notion that fat can be rubbed into 
the body and be absorbed by the skin is a mistake, for very little 
oil goes through the skin. Neither does fat or oil thus applied 
reduce the temperature of the body. Not every one can digest 
fat and oil, even when taken in conjunction with other food. 

Dyspeptic people should avoid fat as much as possible, and 
for special nutrition good butter, cream or cod-liver oil should be 
selected. 



FOOD 143 

§1. Animal Fats 

Lard and oleomargarine, the latter prepared from fresh 
beef fat and much better than bad butter, are the fats most in 
use for the purpose of nourishment. 

Bone-marrow is easily digested and has long been a whole- 
some food, much appreciated by those who know it. 

§2. Vegetable Fats 

The principal vegetable fats are from seeds. Such are 
olive oil, from olive seeds, cotton-seed oil and nut-oil. 

Olive oil comes largely from Italy and France, although 
Southern California furnishes a large quota of this oil now used 
in the United States. The best oil certainly comes from Italy, 
where the fruit is crushed between stones and the pulp pressed 
in bags. The first oil pressed out is the best. A second oil is 
gained by adding boiling water to the pulp and pressing it again. 
This oil is apt to became rancid. Cotton-seed oil is the favorite 
substitute for olive oil, especially in preserving the popular sar- 
dines, which formerly were immersed in pure olive oil only. 
Cocoa butter, nut-oil, cocoanut oil, peanut oil and almond oil are 
little used for food purposes. 



144 THE HAIR 

Section 6 

Crustaceans 

§1. Lobsters, Crabs and Shrimps 

Lobsters, crabs and shrimps, although they make whole- 
some food when fresh, for healthy people, should never be eaten 
by dyspeptics nor invalids. 

They are the scavengers of the sea, and when not thoroughly 
cleaned or properly cooked, may be poisonous from contamina- 
tion with putrid matter. 

§2. Shellfish 

Oysters, clams and mussels are very nutritious, and the 
former when fresh and when eaten raw or properly cooked, are 
excellent food for invalids. 

When preparing oysters for sick persons always use the 
soft part only and never fry them. They all (oysters, clams and 
mussels) impart a pleasant flavor to milk and broth, and clam 
chowder is particularly famous for its flavor. 

Section 7 

Amount of Food Required 

Here follows a table (arranged by Dr. F. W. White, Bos- 
ton) which shows plainly in calories how much food is necessary 
to replace tissue place tissue waste, to supply energy and keep up 
the temperature of the human body. 



FOOD 145 



Table of Calories 

Foods as eaten Household measure Calories 

Milk i glass 160 

Skimmed milk and buttermilk i glass 80 

Cream — thin 1 tablespoon 30 

Cream — thick 1 tablespoon 60 

Condensed milk — sweetened . . 1 heaping tablespoon 70 

Condensed milk — unsweetened 1 heaping tablespoon 35 

Butter 1 par or ball 80 

Cheese — cream 1 inch cube 65 

Cheese — skin-milk 1 inch cube 45 

Cheese — American 1 inch cube 70 

Eggs —whole ... 1 75 

Eggs— yolk , 1 55 

MEAT AND FISH 

Beef tea — clear soups 1 teacup 5-20 

Fish — lean (cod, flounder) .... 1 medium slice 35 

Fish — fat (shad salmon) 1 medium slice 105 

Meat — lean 1 medium slice 70 

Meat — medium fat 1 medium slice 130 

Meat — fat 1 medium slice 200 

Oysters — raw 1 8 

CEREALS AND VEGETABLES 

Bread — white or graham 1 slice 70 

Vienna roll 1 115 

Crackers — Uneeda 1 30 

Cereals cooked moist 1 heaping tablespoon 35 

Cereals eaten dry 1 heaping tablespoon 20 

Shredded wheat 1 heaping tablespoon no 



146 THE HAIR 

Food as eaten Household measure Calories 

Gruels (cereal) i soup plate 75 

Thickened or cream soups 1 soup plate 160 

Macaroni 1 heaping tablespoon 25 

Potato boiled or baked 1 medium 90 

Potato mashed 1 heaping tablespoon 35 

Rice boiled 1 heaping tablespoon 40 

Corn canned 1 heaping tablespoon 35 

Peas fresh 1 heaping tablespoon 40 

Lima beans canned 1 heaping tablespoon 20 

Squash 1 heaping tablespoon 20 

FRUITS 

Apple, pear 1 medium size 75 

Apple sauce 1 heaping tablespoon 70 

Banana 1 medium size 100 

Orange 1 medium size 70 

Dried figs, dates raisins 1 medium saucerful 350 

DESSERTS 

Fruit jelly sweetened 1 heaping tablespoon 160 

Ice cream 1 heaping tablespoon 135 

Sponge cake 1 slice 75 

Pudding — rice, tapioca 1 heaping tablespoon 80 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Sugar . 1 heaping teaspoon 33 

Honey 1 heaping teaspoon 33 

Olive Oil 1 teaspoon 37 

Nuts 1 heaping tablespoon 165 

Cocoa powder 1 heaping teaspoon 50 



FOOD 147 

For example, an inactive person weighing 150 lbs. needs 
1800 calories, a very hard working man of the same weight needs 
3500-4000 calories to restore tissue, to give the needed force and 
afford the body the normal temperature. 

Each pound of body weight respectively requires from 12-30 
calories per day to keep up normal conditions. 

The overfed can easily understand how by reducing the 
allowance per pound of body weight they may reduce their vol- 
ume, the underfed vice versa by increasing the amount of calories 
per pound. 

Body Calories Total 

adults Weight. per pound. Calories. 

Inactive 150 1b. 12 1800 

Moderately Active 150 lb. 15 2200 

Light Work 150 lb.* 17 2600 

Moderately Hard Work 150 lb. 20 3000 

Very Hard Work 150 lb. 25-30 35-4000 

Section 8 
Value of Food in Common Use According to Calories 

When studying this list it is of great profit to remember the 
value in calories of such inexpensive and simple foods as milk, 
cream, sugar, butter, bread (Vienna rolls), macaroni, ice cream, 
olive oil, nuts and cocoa powder or chocolate. Where extra food 
is necessary it is important to remember that a tablespoonful of 
nuts is as valuable as a good-sized steak, one tablespoonful of 
olive oil likewise, one glass of milk is of more value than a good- 
sized piece of meat, etc., etc. 



148 THE HAIR 

Section 9 
Special Food for Promoting the Growth of Hair 

It is impossible to lay down absolutely certain rules for a 
diet to improve the growth of hair or to accelerate the same 
without looking into the general condition of the patient who is 
consulting us. 

There are many agencies at work to impede the growth of 
hair, as you have seen in the preceding chapter, and each indi- 
vidual case may require a certain specified regime as to food and 
medicine. 

To advise the choice of certain foods to help in the de- 
velopment of new hair, we consider the chemical composition of 
hair principally, and select such foods as contains these chemical 
ingredients. 

As we know the hair has 5% sulphur and ashes, we give 
eggs fresh and raw, raw milk and oatmeal, which contains 22% 
sulphur. 

Hair also contains 20% lime which we introduce into the 
system by ordering soups made of 2 parts meat, 1 part bones of 
young or old animals ; also commercial gelatine may be employed 
in place of the bone soup which takes a long time to cook. 

The 10% iron which hair holds is found in eggs. 

Toast and rye bread supply lime, and carrots have enjoyed 
the reputation of a hair producer for centuries and are given to 
horses on that account, without anyone knowing on what prin- 
ciple this is done. 



j 



FOOD 149 

The following list of food for promoting the growth of the 
hair is approved by specialists both here and abroad: 

Raw Eggs Carrots Oatmeal 

Toast and Roasted Bread 

Raw Milk 

Soups made of two parts of meat and one part of bones of old 

or young animals 
Gelatine 

LITERATURE 

Sabouraud, Dr. R. Maladies du cuir chevelu 1904-1910. 
Chatelain, E. Precis icongraphique des Maladies de la peau 
1910. 

Joseph, Prof. Max. Lehrbuch der Haarkrankheiten 1910. 

Paschkis, Dr. Heinrich. Kosmetik fur Arzte 1905. 

Thompson, M.D., Prof. W. Gilman. Practical Dietetics. 

Jackson, M.D., George Thomas. A Practical Treatise on 
the Diseases of the Hair and Scalp 1907. 

Darier, I. Medecin de l'Hopital Broca, Paris. Precis de 
Dermatologie 1909. 

Pohl, Dr. J. Das Haar 1902. 



PRESCRIPTIONS 



Hair Oils 

5-. Olei olivarum 27.0 

Olei bergamotti 3.0 

M. S. — Use one teaspoonful on dry- 
scalp once or twice a week. 

$. Olei amygdalarum 45.0 

Olei jasmini 20.0 

Olei rosarum gutta i 

M. S. — Use one-half teaspoonful once 
or twice on scalp when too dry. 

#. Tannini 1.0-5.0 

Alcoholis 60% qu. s. 

Olei amygdalarum ad. 50.0 

M. S. — Use on oily scalp. 

Hair Tonics 

5L Resorcini 2.0 

Tr. Myrrhse 24.0 

Aquas destillat 160.0 

M. S. — Hair Tonic. Rub in scalp 
daily. 

1£. Quiniae sulphatis 1.3 

Acidi sulphurici qu. s. 

Tr. cantharidis 32.0 

Hazeline 64.0 

Glycerinae 32.0 

Aquae florum aurant ad. 224.0 

M. S. — Hair Tonic. Rub in scalp 
daily. 

I£. Tinct. cantharidis 56.0 

Tinct. cinchonas 64.0 

Tinct. benzoes 24.00 

Spir. lavandulae 48.0 

Olei ricini 8.0 

Alcoholis ad. 320.0 

M. S. — Hair Tonic. Rub in scalp 
twice a week. 



Scalp Lotions for Oily Hair 

I£. Acidi tannic! 5.0 

Spiritus lavandulae. 

Spiritus rosmarini. . .aa. ad. 100.0 
M. S. — Lotion for drying oily hair. 



#. Naptholi 1.0 

Spiritus lavandulae. 
Spiritus rosmarini. . .aa. ad. 100.0 
M. S. — Scalp lotion for drying greasy 
hair. 



Scalp Lotions for Dry Scalps 

#. Tr. cantharidis 2.0-5.0 

Olei ricini 5.0-10.0 

Alcoholis ad. 100.0 

M. S. — Lotion for oiling hair. 

]£. Resorcini 4.0 

Olei ricini 5.0 

Olei bergamotti gtt. v 

Alcoholis ad. 200.0 

M. S. — Lotion for oiling hair. 

Pomade 

$. Butyri cacaonis 25.0 

Essentiae rosarum gtt. 22 

Lanoline ad. 100.0 

Sulphur Salve 

]£• Sulfuris praecipitati 5.0 

Olei rosarum gtt. ii 

Vasiline flavi ad. 50.0 

M. S. — U^se on scalp. 



151 



152 



PRESCRIPTIONS 



For Seborrhcea 

$. Hydrargyri chloridis cor 

rosivi 0.25 

Euresolis 7.50 

Spir. formicarum 30.0 

Olei ricini 3.75 

Alcoholis (70%) ad. 240.0 

M. S. — Hair wash (poison). 

D. S. — Apply two teaspoonfuls in the 
morning. 



$. Acidi tannici 2.5 

Chloralis hydrati 1.0 

Acidi tartarici 2.6 

Olei ricini gtt. 15 

Alcoholis (70%) 180.0 

M. S. — Hair wash. 

D. S. — Apply in the morning. 



I£. Sulphur praecipit. 

Alcohol (90%) 10.0 

Aquae destillat. 

Aquas rosarum aa. 120.0 

M. S. — Apply at night and wash off 
in the morning. 

Recommended by Sabouraud. 

£. Oil of cade* 50.0 

Sapo viridis 5.0 

Glycerate of starch 50.0 

#. Oil of cade* 4.0 

Vasiline 30.0 

#. Oil of cade* 15.0 

Lanoline 15.0 



I£. Oil of cade* 

Cocoabutter }■.... 
Vasiline 

£. Oil of cade* 100.0 

Decoction quillaya 30.0 

Yellow of one Qgg. 

Distilled water 250.0 

#. Ichtyol 2.0 

Oil of cade* 10.0 

Vasiline 30.0 

Hydr. oxidi rubri 2.0 

J£. Ichtyol 5.0 

Alcohol 1 50.0 

Ether J 
M. S. — Apply with brush. 



Premature Baldness 



9 



Pilocarpini muriatis 1.0 

Spir. odorati 16.0 

Aquas rosarum. 

Alcohol absolut aa. 250.0 

M. S. — Rub in scalp morning and 
evening with soft tooth brush. 

I£. 01. cadini. 
Adipis lanae. 

Vasiline aa. 10.0 

Hydr. oxidi rubri 1.0 

M. S. — Rub in scalp at night. 

$. Ac. Acetici 16.0 

i^Pulv. boracis 4.0 

Glycerini 12.0 

Alcohol 16.6 

Aquae rosarum 250.0 

M. S. — Rub in scalp at night. 



*Oil of Cade, very highly recommended by Sabouraud. can be had deodorized 
and purified by Eimer & Amend, 18th Street and Third Avenue; F. O. Weis, 
45th Street and Sixth Avenue ; R. C. Timmermann, 62nd Street and Lexington 
Avenue. 



INDEX 

Page 

Abscess on scalp 54 

Achorion Schoenleinii (see Favus) 92 

Alopecia adnata 16 

Alopecia, areata 57 

Alopecia, Treatment 62 

Alopecia Pityrodes Universalis 35 

Alopecia Praesenilis 40 

Alopecia, premature idiopathic 16-34 

Alopecia, premature symptomatic 16 

Alopecia, senilis 16 

Baldness, congenital : 16 

Baldness, premature 40 

Baldness, senile 16 

Brushes, selection of 106 

Calories 144 

Canities 10 

Cicatricial Baldness 54 

Cleanliness of the scalp 103 

Color of hair 8 

Combs, selection of 106 

Dandruff (see Seborrhcea) 15 

Depilatories 70 

Electrolysis 73 

Favus symptom 92 

Favus treatment 94 

Food in general 119 

Food for promoting the growth of hair 148 

Fungoid diseases of hair 81 

Gray hair 10 

Hair, Anatomy of , 1-13 

color of 8 

curly 10 

cutting 108 

development of 19 

dressing 108 

elasticity of 10 

electricity of 11 

follicle 3 

growth of 11 

hygiene of 103 

knotty 77 

length of 12 

153 



154 



INDEX 



Page 

Hair, number of 12 

" papilla of 3 

" pigment of 8 

" regeneration of 47 

" split 79 

" superfluous 67 

Hairiness 67 

Hats 110 

Herpes tonsurans 81 

Hirsuties 110 

Hygiene of the hair 103 

Hypertrichosis 110 

Knotted hair 77 

Lice 98 

Loss of hair 16 

Lousiness 98 

Location of superfluous hair 67 

Massage of the scalp 112 

Nervous baldness 57 

Nature of hair 1-13 

Parasitical disease of hair 81 

Premature baldness 16, 40 

Pediculosis capitis 98 

Phtheiriasis 98 

Regeneration 46 

Removal of superfluous hair 70 

Ringworm 81 

Seborrhoea oleosa 17 

sicca 17 

treatment 22, 34 

Shampoo 104, 105 

Split hair 79 

Style of wearing hair 108 

Structure of hair 1-13 

Superfluous hair 67 

Table of calories 145 

Trichophyton tonsurans . , , 81 

Trichorrhexis nodosa 77 

Trichoptilosis (see split hair) 79 

Washing the hair 105 



OCT -0 ISM 



^W, 



